Izibani zethrafikhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yaseDolobheni, ziqondisa izimoto nezihambi ezigidini ngokuphepha emagumbini nsuku zonke. Ukuqonda umlando walezi zinsiza ezibalulekile kudalula ukuthi siye kude kangakanani ekuphathweni kokuhamba kwethrafikhi nasekuthuthukiseni ukuphepha emigwaqweni. Uhambo oluvela ezimpawini ezilula eziqhutshwa ngesandla kuya ezinhlelweni zanamuhla ezihlakaniphile yindaba ethokozisayo yokuqamba izinto ezintsha nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ezinkampanini ezibandakanyeka kwezokuthutha nokuhambisa izimpahla, ukwazisa le nqubekela phambili kungahlinzeka ngokuqonda izitayela zesikhathi esizayo nokusebenza kahle kwezisebenzi. Isibani sokumisa esithobekile siguquke saba yindlela elula yokulawula saba yithuluzi eliyinkimbinkimbi elisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu ukwenza kahle izindlela zethrafikhi. Ngokuhlola imvelaphi nentuthuko yezibani zethrafikhi, sithola ukwazisa okujulile ngengqalasizinda eyinkimbinkimbi esekela ukuhamba kwethu kwansuku zonke nokuhamba kwezimpahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibani sethrafikhi sihlala singesinye sezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni idolobha, esithinta ngqo izikhathi zokuhamba, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, namazinga ezingozi emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuvela kwezibani zomgwaqo akuyona nje indaba yezobuchwepheshe kodwa futhi yindaba yentuthuko yomphakathi nokuhlelwa kwamadolobha. Njengoba amadolobha ayanda futhi izinombolo zezimoto ziqhuma ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, isidingo sokulawulwa kwezimoto ngokuhlelekile saba kubalulekile. Imizamo yokuqala yokulawula yayilula, ithembela emaphoyiseni abekwe emagumbini aphithizelayo ukuze aqondise izimoto ngesandla. Lamaphoyisa abhekana nezinselelo ezinkulu, okubandakanya ukuchayeka ezimweni zezulu ezinzima kanye nengozi yengozi, okwaholela ekufuneni izixazululo ezizenzakalelayo. Umqondo wesibani somgwaqo wazalwa ngenxa yesidingo, uhlose ukufaka isinqumo somuntu esikhundleni samasiginali angaguquki, athembekile angaqondwa yibo bonke abasebenzisi bomgwaqo. Lo mqondo oyisisekelo uhlala usesenhliziyweni yokuphathwa kwezimoto namuhla, noma ngabe ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha kakhulu ukuthi lawa masiginali asebenza kanjani. Isibani esisodwa somgwaqo singaphatha izinkulungwane zezimoto ngehora, okwenza sibe yinto ebalulekile kunoma yimaphi amadolobha akhulayo noma imigwaqo yasemakhaya.

Isibonelo sokuqala sezibani zethrafikhi sifakwe eLondon ngo-1868, isisetshenziswa esikhanyiswa ugesi we-gas esiphethwe umphoyisa owawuphendula isibambo ukuze ashintshe izingalo zaso. Lesi sibonelo sokuqala, esiyiphayona ekulawuleni ithrafikhi, sasinezibani zegesi ezibomvu neziluhlaza ukukhombisa ukuthi yima nokuthi hamba, kodwa impilo yaso yayimfushane ngenxa yokuqhuma okubulalayo okubangelwa ukuvuza kukagesi we-gas. Naphezu kwalokhu kuhluleka, umqondo wesibonelo semishini waqhubeka, futhi ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1900, amadolobha emhlabeni wonke ayeyizama izindlela zikagesi. E-Cleveland, Ohio, kwafakwa isibani sokuqala sethrafikhi sikagesi ngo-1914, esasebenzisa izibani ezibomvu neziluhlaza ezilawulwa umphoyisa esitokisini esiseduze. Lo mklamo wanciphisa ingozi yokuqhuma kwezibani zegesi futhi wavula indlela yezinhlelo ezingathembekile. Izibani zokuqala zethrafikhi zaseBrithani zabeka isibonelo sokubonisana okujwayelekile okwakuzovunyelwa maduze emhlabeni wonke, yize isibonelo sokuqala saseLondon sasisiqalo esithobekile uma siqhathaniswa nezinhlelo zanamuhla. Ezinkampanini ezincikene nemizila yokuhamba ehlala njalo, ukujwayeleka kokuqala kwezibani zethrafikhi kwasho ukubambezeleka okuncane kanye nezingxenye eziphephile.

Ngo-1920 kwengezwa ngokubalulekile ukukhanya okuphuzi okubomvu, kwadala uhlelo olujwayelekile lwezibani ezintathu oluyinto ejwayelekile emhlabeni jikelele. Lesi sici esisha sishukunyiswe isidingo sesigaba sokuguquguquka ukuze kuxwayiswe abashayeli ukuthi isignali izoshintsha, kunciphisa kakhulu izingozi emagumbini emigwaqo. Amadolobha afana neDetroit neNew York ayelwamukele ngokushesha lolu hlelo, futhi ngo-1930, izibani zethrafikhi zazisasebenza ngokuvumelanisa emigwaqweni emikhulu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhamba kwethrafikhi. Ukwethulwa kwama-automatic timers ngo-1940 kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukwethembeka, kwavala isidingo sokugadwa njalo ngabantu futhi kwavumela izignali ukuthi zisebenze njalo emini naphakathi nobusuku. Lesi sikhathi sabona ukuguquka kwesibani sethrafikhi kusuka kwinto entsha saya kwisikhali esibalulekile sokuphatha idolobha. Ukwamukelwa kabanzi kohlelo lwezibani ezintathu kwabeka isisekelo samasu ayinkimbinkimbi okuphatha ithrafikhi esiwasebenzisayo namuhla, futhi luhlala luyisilinganiso somhlaba wonke esiqondwa ngaso sonke isishayeli ngokushesha.

Ingxenye yesibili yekhulu leminyaka lamashumi ayisithupha yaba nomthelela omkhulu kwezobuchwepheshe bezibani zethrafikhi, okwaholela ekwenyukeni kwezinto zikagesi nezokubala. Izilawuli ezingalungiswa zathatha indawo yezindlela ezazisekelwe esikhathini esinqunyiwe, zavumela onjiniyela bethrafikhi ukuthi balungise izikhathi zezimpawu kude futhi bavumelane nezimo eziguqukayo zethrafikhi. Ukwethulwa kwezinsimbi zokuthola izimoto ezifakwe endaweni yomgwaqo kwavumela izibani zethrafikhi ukuthi zithole ubukhona bezimoto, ziqale izibani eziluhlaza kuphela lapho zidingeka futhi zinciphise ukulinda okungadingekile. Leli khono lathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwethrafikhi futhi kunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, izinzuzo ezatholwa izinkampani ezisebenza kwezokuthutha nokulethwa zibaluleke kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokuphatha ithrafikhi ezisekelwe kumakhompyutha zaqala ukuvela emadolobheni amakhulu, zihambisana namakhulu ezimpawu ezindaweni ezibanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhamba ngesikhathi samahora aphezulu. Lezi zithuthukisi zazimelela ushintsho oluvela ekulawuleni okungasebenzi, okusekelwe esikhathini, ukuya ekulawuleni okusebenzayo, okusabelayo kwezinhlelo zethrafikhi. Ezinkampanini eziqhubayo izimoto eziningi, isibani sethrafikhi samanje saba yithuluzi lokunciphisa izindleko zokusebenza ngokuhlela okuhlakaniphile nesikhathi esincane sokungasebenzi.

Ukwakhiwa kwezilawuli zedijithali ngeminyaka yawo-1980 nawo-1990 kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kwezibani zomgwaqo, kwavumela ama-algorithm ayinkimbinkimbi namasu okuxhumanisa. Onjiniyela bezokuthutha manje babengakwazi ukuhlela izinhlelo eziningi zokuhlela izikhathi ezahlukene zosuku, imicimbi ekhethekile, kanye nokubeka phambili izimoto eziphuthumayo. Izinzwa nazo zathuthuka, ne-radar kanye nezinhlelo zokuthola ezisekelwe ekhamera zengeza izikhala ezibandayo ukuze zinikeze idatha enothile mayelana nezimo zomgwaqo. Lezi zibuchwepheshe zavumela ukulawula okuningiliziwe, njengokubeka phambili amabhasi noma izimoto eziphuthumayo emagcekeni. Isisekelo sezinhlelo zamanje ezihlakaniphile zezokuthutha sakhiwa ngalesi sikhathi, njengoba amakhono ehadiweyela nesofthiwe enwetshwa kakhulu. Ezinkampanini ezincikene kumanethiwekhi ezokuthutha asebenza kahle, lezi zithuthukisi zaholela ezikhathini ezimfushane zokuhamba namashejuli okulethwa angabikeleka kakhudlwana. Isibani somgwaqo sasicishe singabe sisaba into eyimile kodwa saba yingxenye eguquguqukayo yenethiwekhi enkulu.

Izibani zethrafikhi zanamuhla kude kakhulu nezimindeni zazo ezazikhanyiswa ngamagasi, zihlanganisa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, ukuxhumana kwe-IoT, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela ukuze zivumelane nezimo zethrafikhi ngokushesha. Lezi zibani zesimanje zingaxhumana zodwa kanye nezinhlelo zokuphatha ezimaphakathi, zilungise izikhathi zazo ngokusekelwe kumavolumu ethrafikhi yamanje, izimo zezulu, ngisho nezehlakalo ezikhethekile. I-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. izibonakalise njengomdlali obalulekile kule ndawo, inikeza izibani zethrafikhi ze-LED ezonga ugesi ezisebenzisa amandla amancane kakhulu kunezibani zendabuko. Imikhiqizo yabo yakhelwe ukuqina ezimweni zezulu ezinzima, inezindlu eziqinile ezimelana nomswakama, uthuli, kanye nokushisa okwedlulele. Izibani zethrafikhi ze-Penghui ziphinde zisekele ukuqapha nokulawula okukude, okuvumela iziphathimandla zezokuthutha ukuthi zithole izinkinga futhi zilungise izilungiselelo ngaphandle kokuthumela amaqembu okulungisa. Leli zinga lobuchwepheshe limelela ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu bezibani zethrafikhi, buletha kokubili ukonga ekusebenzeni nokuphepha okuthuthukisiwe kubasebenzisi bomgwaqo. Ungahlola kabanzi ngemikhiqizo yabo ku-Ikhaya ikhasi, lapho ukuzibophezela kwenkampani kwezothutho oluhlakaniphile kuboniswa khona.

Izibani zethrafikhi zesimanje zihlanganisa izici ezithuthukisiwe ezingeke zazibonakala njengezomhlaba wesayensi emashumini eminyaka adlule. Ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izimpawu eziguquguqukayo busebenzisa idatha evela kumakhamera, i-radar, nezimoto ezixhunyiwe ukuze kuqhubeke kuthuthukiswe izikhathi zezimpawu, kunciphise ukubambezeleka nokukhishwa. Ukuhlanganiswa namapulatifomu e-IoT kuvumela izikhungo zokuphatha ithrafikhi ukuthi ziqaphe impilo nokusebenza kwazo zonke izimpawu ngesikhathi sangempela, okuvumela ukugcinwa okusebenzayo. Lezi zinhlelo zingase futhi zinikeze izinsizakalo ezibalulekile ezimotweni eziphuthumayo, ezokuthutha zomphakathi, ngisho nabahamba ngezinyawo, kusetshenziswa izinzwa ezihlanganisiwe nezinqubo zokuxhumana. Ukudwetshwa kwezibani zethrafikhi emadolobheni ahlakaniphile namuhla kuvame ukuhlanganisa hhayi izinsika ezibonakalayo nezinhloko zezimpawu kuphela kodwa futhi nengqimba yedijithali yezinzwa, isoftware, nokuxhumana kwenethiwekhi. Ezinkampanini eziqhuba izimoto noma eziphethe izinto zokuhambisa, lezi zinto ezintsha ziguqulela ezikhathini zokuhamba ezithembekile kakhulu nezindleko zokusebenza eziphansi. Isibani sethrafikhi siye savela saba yipulatifomu enothe ngedatha esekela izinhloso ezibanzi zokuhamba kwamadolobha.

Ikakhwezi lamalambu omgwaqo lihlobene kakhulu nentuthuko yezimoto ezizihambelayo kanye nokuxhumana kwezimoto nezinto zonke (V2X). Njengoba izimoto ezizihambelayo ziba ngobuningi, izimpawu zethrafikhi zizodinga ukuthumela nokwamukela idatha enemininingwane mayelana nesimo sezimpawu, izinguquko zesikhathi, kanye ne-geometry yomgwaqo. Ukuhlaziywa kwethrafikhi okubikezelayo okwenziwa yi-machine learning kuzovumela izimpawu ukuthi zibikele ukuminyana ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, zilungise izikhathi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze kuvinjelwe izinkinga. Izimpawu ezisebenzisa amandla elanga nezingenazintambo nazo ziseduze, zinciphisa izindleko zokufaka futhi zivumela ukufakwa ezindaweni ezikude lapho ugesi wendabuko ongenakho. Lezi zimo zikhombisa ikusasa lapho amalambu omgwaqo eyoba abahlanganyeli abasebenzayo ohlelweni lwezokuthutha oluxhunyiwe, hhayi izinkomba ezingasebenzi. Ezinkampanini, ukuhlala phambili kulezi zimo kusho ukutshala izimoto nezinhlelo ezingakwazi ukuxhumana nengqalasizinda ehlakaniphile. Ilambu lokumisa lekusasa lizoba lihle kakhulu, libe neluhlaza, futhi lisabele kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

I-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. ibekwe kahle ukusekela lesi sikhathi esizayo, ngomugqa womkhiqizo ogcizelela ukwethembeka, ukonga amandla, nokuxhumana. Ukuzibophezela kwabo ekuqhubekiseleni phambili ukuphepha kwezimoto ngezixazululo zesiginali ezintsha kuhambisana nokushintsha okubanzi komkhakha okubheke ezinhlelweni zokuhamba ezihlakaniphile. Njengoba imizi emhlabeni wonke ibhekene nokuqina kwemigwaqo okukhulayo nezinselelo zokuphepha, indima yezibani zethrafikhi ezithuthukisiwe izoba yibaluleke kakhulu. Ukuguquka kusuka ezibani zikagesi kuye ezimisweni ezihlakaniphile kuwubufakazi bokukhalipha komuntu kanye nokufuna njalo imigwaqo ephephile, esebenza kahle kakhudlwana. Izinkampani ezifana nePenghui zisiza ukubhala isahluko esilandelayo salo mlando, sihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezidingo zokuhamba kwamadolobha esimanje. Isibani sethrafikhi esithobekile siqhubeka siguquka, siqinisekisa ukuthi imigwaqo yethu ihlala iphephile futhi isebenza kahle izizukulwane ezizayo. Kunoma iyiphi ibhizinisi elibandakanyeka kwezokuhamba, ukuqonda lokhu kuguquka kubalulekile ukuhlela kusengaphambili nokuhlala uqhudelana emhlabeni oxhumana nawo njalo.