Izibani zomgwaqo ziyinto ekhona yonke indawo futhi ebalulekile engxenyeni yesimanje yengqalasizinda yomgwaqo, zilawula ngokuthula ukuhamba kwezimoto eziyizigidi nsuku zonke. Lezi zinsiza zesignali azenzi nje ukushintsha imibala; zifaka ukuhleleka esiphithiphithini, zinciphisa ukudideka ezimpambanweni ezinomthwalo omkhulu, futhi zehlisa kakhulu ingozi yokushayisana phakathi kwezimoto, abagibeli bamabhayisikili, nabahamba ngezinyawo. Ngaphandle kwesibani somgwaqo esisebenza kahle, umgwaqo omncane onezindlela ezine ungaphenduka isixhumanisi esivalekile noma, okubi kakhulu, ube yindawo yengozi enkulu. Iqhaza lalezi zignali ekuphepheni emgwaqweni alinakulinganiswa, njengoba zinikeza ulimi olucacile, oluqondwa wonke umuntu abasebenzisi bomgwaqo abangakulandela. Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ubuchwepheshe obungemuva kwalezi zinto ezijwayelekile zansuku zonke buye bashintsha ngendlela emangalisayo, busuka ezibani eziyisisekelo eziphathwa ngesandla baya ezinhlelweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, eziqhutshwa yi-AI ezikwazi ukuxhumana nezimoto ngesikhathi sangempela. Ukuqonda lolu hambo akukhanyisi nje kuphela ukuthi ubunjiniyela buhambe kude kangakanani kodwa futhi kugqamisa ukuthi kungani izinkampani ezinjengeShandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. ziqhubeka nokutshala imali enkulu ezixazululweni zezignali zesizukulwane esilandelayo.

Kudala ngaphambi kokufika kukagesi, amadolobha ayethembele emsebenzini wabantu kanye nemishini elula ukuze abhekane nenkinga ekhulayo yokuminyana kwezimoto. Ngawo-1860, iLondon yafaka uphawu lokuqala lomgwaqo olwaziwayo olusebenzisa igesi eduze kweHouses of Parliament, umshini owawudinga ukuthi iphoyisa lisebenzise izandla zamasignali namalambu egesi ngesandla. Lolu hlelo lwakuqala lwalusebenzisa amalensi abomvu naluhlaza kodwa lwaba nephutha elibi: ngo-1869, ukuvuza kwegesi kwabangela ukuthi isignali iqhume, kulimaze umsebenzisi futhi lokho kwaqeda ukuhlolwa iminyaka eminingana. Naphezu kwalokhu kuhlehla, umqondo womshini wokulawula izimoto owawunikelwe waqalwa, futhi amadolobha aseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika aqala ukuhlola izinhlobo ezahlukene zokulawula ngesandla. Amaphoyisa ayema ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo ezimatasa, esebenzisa izimpawu zezandla, amakhwela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izinkundla eziphakeme ukuqondisa ukuhamba kwezinqola ezidonswa ngamahhashi nezimoto zakuqala. Lezi zindlela zokusebenza ngesandla, nakuba zazingcono kunokungenzi lutho, zazinomkhawulo ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokukhathala komuntu, ukungaboni kahle, kanye neqiniso elilula lokuthi iphoyisa elilodwa lalingakwazi ukuphatha impambano eyodwa ngesikhathi. Imidwebo enemininingwane yale mishini yakuqala isekhona emiqolombeni yomlando—umdwebo ngamunye wezibani zomgwaqo zangaleso sikhathi ukhombisa inhlanganisela ethakazelisayo yobuchwepheshe bezimpawu zezitimela kanye namabhongo omasipala. Ukufuna isixazululo esiphephile, esithembekile, nesizenzakalelayo ekugcineni kwakuzoqhubekisela abasunguli ekubhekeni umkhakha omusha wobunjiniyela bukagesi.

Iswazi lokuqala sikagesi savela ngo-1912 lapho iphoyisa laseSalt Lake City uLester Wire lihlanganisa ibhokisi lokhuni elipendiwe ngemibala ebomvu neluhlaza, elixhunywe ezintanjeni zikagesi eziphezulu ukuze lilawule ithrafikhi endaweni eminyene kakhulu edolobheni. Leli thuluzi eliyisisekelo laba yisinyathelo esikhulu phambili ngoba lasusa isidingo sokusebenza komuntu ukuthi ame emgwaqweni futhi ashintshe izimpawu ngesandla, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ubungozi bokulimala kwamaphoyisa. Eminyakeni emibili nje kamuva, ngo-1914, iCleveland yafaka isignali kagesi ethuthukisiwe lapho kuhlangana khona i-Euclid Avenue ne-East 105th Street, uhlelo olwavumela iphoyisa lethrafikhi ukuthi lilawule izibani lisendaweni yokulinda emgwaqweni kunokuba lime phakathi komgwaqo. Lezi zibani zokuqala zikagesi zazisasebenza ngesandla kusetshenziswa izwishi, kodwa zabonisa ngokusobala ukuthi ukulawula ngogesi kwakusebenza futhi kungcono kunezindlela zokukhanyisa ngegesi noma izimpawu zezandla. Izinhlelo zokuqala zezibani zethrafikhi zadonsa ukunaka komphakathi okukhulu, futhi amaphephandaba angaleso sikhathi abhala izindaba ezinemininingwane kanye nemidwebo yamaciko kanye nemidwebo yobuchwepheshe yalezi zinto ezintsha. Yilesi sibani sokuqala sethrafikhi esabeka isisekelo sakho konke okwalandela, safakazela ukuthi ukusebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kungakhipha ukuvumelana nokuthembeka ekuphathweni kwethrafikhi. Nokho, lezi zibani zakuqala zazingenaso isigaba esiphuzi esithathwa kalula ngabashayeli banamuhla, okusho ukuthi ukushintsha ukusuka kokuluhlaza kuya kokubomvu kwakungazelelwe futhi ngokuvamile kwakubamba abashayeli bengalindele.

Ukungeniswa kokukhanya okuphuzi noma okuphuzi ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1920 kwaba yinguquko eyashintsha ngokuyisisekelo ukuphepha emgwaqweni emhlabeni wonke. Ukwengeza isigaba sokuxwayisa phakathi kokuluhlaza nokubomvu kwanikeza abashayeli isikhathi esibalulekile sokunciphisa ijubane nokuma ngokuphepha, okunciphisa kakhulu izingozi zokushayisana ngemuva kanye nezingozi zokushayisana eceleni komgwaqo. Uhlelo lwemibala emithathu lwasungulwa ngabacwaningi abambalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa, ikakhulukazi uWilliam Potts, iphoyisa laseDetroit elafaka ngo-1920 isignali yokuqala yemibala emithathu ezindleleni ezine empambanweni yaseWoodward Avenue naseMichigan Avenue. Umklamo kaPotts wasebenzisa izibani ezibomvu, eziphuzi, neziluhlaza ezihlelwe ngokuqondile, kanti okuphuzi kwakusebenza njengesixwayiso esicacile, esingaqondakali kahle sokuthi isignali izoshintsha. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwesilinganiso kwasakazeka ngokushesha kulo lonke elase-United States naseYurophu, njengoba omasipala babona ukuthi uhlelo lwemibala olungaguquki lwenza abashayeli bakwazi ukusabela ngokwemvelo kunokuba bafunde izimiso ezihlukene zedolobha ngalinye. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1920, uhlelo lwemibala emithathu lwase luyindinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe, isimo esilugcinile kuze kube namuhla ngokushintshwa okuncane kakhulu. Ukwamukelwa okubanzi kwalolu hlelo kwaholela futhi ezinyathelweni zokuqala zokuphoqelela ngokuzenzakalelayo, njengoba amadolobha aqala ukuthwebula izimoto ezazishaya izibani ezibomvu—okwakuyisandulela sokuqala setikiti lesimanje lokushaya izibani ezibomvu. Nakuba amakhamera angaleso sikhathi ayengenamandla ngokwezindinganiso zanamuhla, umgomo wokusebenzisa ubufakazi bezithombe ukuvimbela ukuziphatha okuyingozi wawusukhula, ubeka isisekelo sezinhlelo zetikiti ezizenzakalelayo zokushaya izibani ezibomvu ezingasebenza ezinkulungwaneni zezindawo zomthetho emhlabeni wonke.

Iminyaka eyalandela iMpi Yezwe II yaletha ukwanda okukhulu kobunikazi bezimoto kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha angaphansi, okwabeka ingcindezi engakaze ibonwe ezingqalasizindeni zomgwaqo. Amadolobha asheshe abona ukuthi izibani zomgwaqo ezisebenza ngesikhathi esimisiwe—lezo ezisebenza ngesikhathi esilula, esingaguquki—zazinganele ngokudabukisayo ukuphatha ukuhamba nokuhlehla okunamandla kwethrafikhi yesimanje. Onjiniyela baphendula ngokuthuthukisa izimpawu ezisebenza ngemoto, ezazisebenzisa amalophu okungenisa afakwe emgwaqweni ukuze abone ukuba khona kwezimoto ezisondelayo futhi alungise isikhathi somjikelezo wesibani ngokufanele. Lokhu kusungulwa kwakusho ukuthi umgwaqo oseceleni ongenazo izimoto ezilindile awuzukuphoqa abashayeli bomgwaqo omkhulu ukuthi bame ngokungadingekile, kuthuthukise kakhulu ukugeleza kwethrafikhi futhi kunciphise ukukhungatheka komshayeli. Ngaso lesi sikhathi, izinhlelo zezimpawu ezihleliwe zavela, zivumela uchungechunge lwezibani zomgwaqo emgwaqweni omkhulu ukuthi zivumelaniswe ukuze imoto ehamba ngejubane elingaguquki ikwazi ukudlula izibani eziningi eziluhlaza ngokulandelana—umqondo manje owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "igagasi eliluhlaza." Lezi zinto ezintsha zangemva kwempi zaziyi-electromechanical, zithembele kuma-relay, izibali-zikhathi, nezilawuli ze-analog ezazigcinwe emabhokisini amakhulu ensimbi eceleni komgwaqo. Njengoba inani labantu basemadolobheni laliqhubeka likhula, ukulinganiselwa kwalezi zinhlelo ze-analog kwaba sobala kakhulu, kwagqugquzela abacwaningi ukuthi bahlole izindlela zedijithali nezekhompyutha zokuphatha ithrafikhi. Isisekelo esabekwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi—ukutholwa kwezimoto, isikhathi esihleliwe, nokuphendula okuguquguqukayo—sihlala siyisisekelo okwakhiwe phezu kwaso izinhlelo zethrafikhi ezihlakaniphile zanamuhla.

Ukuphela kwekhulu leminyaka lama-21 kwangenisa ushintsho olukhulu kubuchwepheshe bezibani zomgwaqo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yentuthuko ekukhanyeni kwe-solid-state namandla avuselelekayo. Amamojula e-Light-emitting diode (LED) asheshe athatha indawo yezibani ezivuthayo zendabuko ngoba asebenzisa ugesi ongaphansi ngamaphesenti angama-90, ahlala isikhathi eside ngokuphindwe kaningi, futhi akhiqiza ukukhanya okukhanyayo nokufanayo okulula ukuthi abashayeli bakubone elangeni elikhanyayo noma enkungwini. Omasipala abaguqule wonke amanethiwekhi abo ezimpawu zaba yi-LED bathola ukonga okukhulu ezindlekweni zamandla nokulungiswa, okwavula isabelomali seminye imisebenzi ebalulekile yengqalasizinda. Izibani zomgwaqo ezinamandla elanga zavela njengoshintsho olukhulu ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo ezikude, ezindaweni zokwakha, nasezifundeni ezisathuthuka lapho ukubeka izintambo zikagesi kwakubiza kakhulu noma kungenzeki ngenxa yezinto ezithile. Lezi zingxenye ezizimele zihlanganisa amaphaneli e-photovoltaic nesitoreji samandla esisebenzayo, okuvumela ukuthi zisebenze ngokuthembekile ngisho nasezindaweni ezinamandla kagesi angathembekile. Izibali zokubala phansi zabahamba ngezinyawo zaba enye into ephawulekayo yenkathi yesimanje, zibonisa inani eliqondile lemizuzwana esele ngaphambi kokuba uphawu lushintshe, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphisa ukukhathazeka nokungaqiniseki kubantu abalindele ukuwela umgwaqo. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izibali zokubala phansi zinciphisa kakhulu inani labahamba ngezinyawo ababanjwa empambanweni lapho uphawu lushintsha, kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwabasebenzisi bomgwaqo abasengozini kakhulu. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinkampani ezinjengeShandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. zavela njengabadlali ababalulekile emakethe yomhlaba wonke yezimpawu zomgwaqo, zikhiqiza izimpawu ze-LED ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezilawuli ezinobuhlakani ezihlangabezana namazinga aqinile omhlaba wonke. Isibani somgwaqo sesimanje manje siyithuluzi eliyinkimbinkimbi, elonga amandla, elihlanganisa okokufaka kwezinzwa, amandla okuqapha akude, nezici zomklamo ezibekezelela amaphutha ebezibonakala njengezinganekwane zesayensi eminyakeni embalwa edlule.

Isiqephu sakamuva kakhulu ekuguqukeni kwezimpawu zomgwaqo sichazwa ukuhlanganiswa kobuchwepheshe be-Internet of Things (IoT), ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kanye nama-algorithms okulawula aguqukayo avumela izibani zomgwaqo ukuthi zifunde futhi ziphendule ezimweni zangempela ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu. Izibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile zifakwe inqwaba yezinzwa—okuhlanganisa i-radar, i-lidar, amakhamera, kanye namaluphu okungenisa—okunikeza idatha eqhubekayo ohlelweni olumaphakathi lokucubungula olukwazi ukuhlaziya amaphethini omgwaqo kulo lonke idolobha ngemizuzwana. Lokhu kulawula okuguqukayo kusho ukuthi ubude bezibani eziluhlaza bungandiswa noma bancishiswe ngokuguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe enanini lemoto yangempela, ukuba khona kwemoto ephuthumayo, noma imicimbi ekhethekile efana namakhonsathi noma imidlalo yezemidlalo edala ukugcwala komgwaqo okungajwayelekile. Izinhlelo ezinamandla e-AI zingabikezela ukuminyana ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke ngokuhlaziya idatha yomlando ehlanganiswe nokudla okuphilayo, bese zilungisa isikhathi somgwaqo ngokuqhubekayo ukuvimbela ukuminyana. Izinzuzo ezingokoqobo zinkulu: amadolobha asebenzise ukulawula komgwaqo okuguqukayo abika ukuncishiswa kwesikhathi sokuhamba ngo-10 kuya ku-30 ekhulwini, kanye nokuncipha okuhambisanayo kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokukhishwa kwemoto. Kumshayeli ngamunye, lokhu kuhumushela ekumeni okumbalwa ezibani ezibomvu, isikhathi esincane sokuma, kanye nohambo olubonakala lushelele. I-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. izibeke phambili kule nguquko yezimpawu ezihlakaniphile, ithuthukisa izilawuli kanye namamojula okuxhumana ahlangana ngaphandle komthungo nezinkundla zokuphatha umgwaqo zedolobha lonke. Ukugxila kwenkampani ekusebenzeni ndawonye kuqinisekisa ukuthi imikhiqizo yayo ingaxhumana nemishini evela kubathengisi abaningi, ivimbele ukuvalelwa komthengisi okuye kwahlukumeza amaphrojekthi obuchwepheshe kamasipala ngokomlando. Izibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile ziphinde zifake ukuxilongwa okuthuthukile okungathola isibani noma inzwa ehlulekayo futhi ngokuzenzakalelayo yazise izisebenzi zokulungisa, zinciphise isikhathi sokuphumula futhi zithuthukise ukuthembeka kwezimpambano zomgwaqo.

Uma sibheka phambili, umkhawulo olandelayo wobuchwepheshe bezimpawu zomgwaqo usekuxhumaneni kwezimoto nazo zonke izinto (V2X), okuvumela ukushintshana kwedatha ngqo, ngaphandle kwezintambo phakathi kwezibani zomgwaqo nezimoto ngazinye. Kulo mkhakha osafufusa, isibani somgwaqo singasakaza isimo saso samanje kanye nesikhathi esiqondile sokushintsha kwesigaba salo esilandelayo ezimotweni ezisondelayo, okuvumela imoto ezishayelayo ukuthi ilungise ijubane layo ukuze ifike empambanweni ngesikhathi isibani siba luhlaza ngaphandle kokuma ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuxhumana kuhamba kabili, okusho ukuthi izimoto nazo zingadlulisela ulwazi esibanini somgwaqo, njengokuba khona kwabasindisi abaphuthumayo noma isicelo sokuhamba phambili esivela ebhasini likahulumeni. Inhloso enkulu ukudala uhlelo lapho izibani zomgwaqo nezimoto zisebenzisana khona ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphepha, ukusebenza kahle, nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuyo yonke impambano. Izimoto ezizishayelayo zizothembela kakhulu kulezi zibani ezihlakaniphile ukuze zihambe futhi zenze izinqumo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zasemadolobheni lapho abashayeli abangabantu bekhona. Nakuba ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kwengqalasizinda ye-V2X kuseminyakeni embalwa, izinhlelo zokuhlola emadolobheni emhlabeni wonke sezibonise imiphumela emihle, okuhlanganisa ukuncipha okukhulu kwezingozi empambanweni nokugeleza komgwaqo okushelelayo. Ukushintsha kuzodinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kungqalasizinda yomgwaqo kanye namamojula okuxhumana asemotweni, kodwa izinzuzo zesikhathi eside mayelana nokuphepha nokusebenza kahle kulindeleke ukuthi zibe nezinguquko. I-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. ithuthukisa ngenkuthalo izihloko zezimpawu ezikwazi ukusebenza nge-V2X kanye namayunithi asemgwaqweni azoba yisisekelo saleli kusasa elixhumene. Njengoba lobu buchwepheshe bukhula, isibani somgwaqo esithobekile sizoguquka sisuke ekubeni umkhombandlela owenziwayo sibe umhlanganyeli osebenzayo, ohlakaniphile enethiwekini yezokuthutha, sixhumane ngqo nazo zonke izimoto ezisondela empambanweni yaso.

Uhambo olusuka ezimpawini ze-semaphore ezikhanyiswa ngegesi ukuya kumasiginali aguquguqukayo anikwa amandla i-AI luneminyaka engaphezu kuka-150, lukhombisa umzamo womuntu wokwenza imigwaqo iphephe futhi ithuthuke izimoto. Isikhathi ngasinye siletha izinto ezintsha: isiginali yokuqala yomgwaqo yaqeda isidingo sokuthi amaphoyisa ame endaweni eyingozi, uhlelo lwemibala emithathu lwanikeza umhlahlandlela ocacile futhi obikezelayo, futhi ubuchwepheshe besimanje be-LED nelanga benza amasiginali ahlala isikhathi eside futhi avumelana nemvelo. Namuhla, njengoba simi onqenqemeni lwezokuthutha ezixhumene ngokugcwele, ezizimele, indima yesiginali yomgwaqo iphinde icatshangwe kabusha. I-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. ibamba iqhaza kuleli fa ngokukhiqiza amasiginali omgwaqo asebenza kahle kakhulu, izilawuli, nezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile ezihlangabezana nezidingo zokuhamba kwamanje emadolobheni. Ukuzinikela kwenkampani ekusunguleni izinto ezintsha kubonakala emkhiqizweni wayo, osukela kumasiginali e-LED agcina amandla kuya ezilawulini ezithuthukile ezinamandla e-IoT ezikwazi ukusekela izinhlelo zokuphatha izimoto eziguquguqukayo. Ezinhlanganweni zezokuthutha, abahleli bamadolobha, nabathuthukisi bengqalasizinda, ukukhetha umlingani othembekile njenge-Penghui kusho ukutshala imali emishinini eklanyelwe ukuphila isikhathi eside, ukusebenza kahle, nokuhambisana nekusasa. Lapho usondela endaweni yomgwaqo ehleliwe kahle noma ubona isibali sokuphawula esiqondisa umuntu ngokuphepha ukuba awele umgwaqo, khumbula uchungechunge olude lwabasunguli, onjiniyela, nabakhiqizi—kuhlanganise ne-Penghui—umsebenzi wabo owenza lowo mzuzu wokuhamba okuhlelekile ube nokwenzeka. Ukuguquka kwamasiginali omgwaqo akukapheli, futhi izinto ezintsha ezithuthukiswayo namuhla zizokwakha indlela esihamba ngayo emadolobheni ethu eminyakeni eminingi ezayo. Ukuze uthole imininingwane eminingi mayelana nobuchwepheshe bamasiginali omgwaqo, vakashela i-Ikhaya ikhasi le-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd.