Imishanyana embalwa iye yaba nomthelela omkhulu empilweni yansuku zonke yedolobha lanamuhla ngokuthula nangokujulile njengomshini wokulawula izimoto. Kusukela lapho umshayeli ehla khona lapho ebomvu noma umuntu ohamba ngezinyawo elindela uphawu oluluhlaza lokuhamba, ubambe iqhaza ohlelweni oluye lwalungiswa isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka. Umshini wokulawula izimoto, owaziwa nangokuthi umshini wokumisa ezindaweni eziningi ezikhuluma isiNgisi, unesizathu esibalulekile: ukunikeza ilungelo lokudlula eziphambanweni, ukuvimbela izingozi, nokulawula ukuhamba kwezimoto nabahamba ngezinyawo ngokuhlelekile. Ngaphandle kwalo mshini obonakala ulula, imigwaqo yethu ingase yehle ibe yisiphithiphithi, lapho zonke iziphambano ziba ukugembula kwesikhathi nesibindi. Ukuqonda uhambo lomlando womshini wokulawula izimoto akuyona nje into yokukhumbula izinto zakudala; kuveza ukuthi ubuhlakani babantu buye baphendula kanjani njalo ekuqhubekeni kokuba nzima kwezokuthutha. Njengoba silandela ukuthuthukiswa kusukela emishini yokuqala eyayisebenza ngesandla kuya ezinhlelweni zanamuhla ezihlakaniphile, ezihamba ngezinzwa, sithola indaba ehlanganiswe kakhulu nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukuhlelwa kwamadolobha, nokufuna ngokuqhubekayo ukuphepha. Lesi sihloko sihlinzeka ngombono womlando ophelele wokuguquka komshini wokulawula izimoto, sihluza imvelaphi yawo, izigaba ezibalulekile, kanye nezinto ezintsha zesikhathi esizayo ezithembisa ukuchaza kabusha ukuphathwa kwezimoto.

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukhanyiso lokuqala lokulawula izithuthi, isidingo sokulawula ukuminyana kwezithuthi nokuvimbela izingozi sasivele siyindaba ephuthumayo emadolobheni ayekhula ngokushesha. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, izinqola ezihanjiswa amahhashi nezimoto zokuqala zazincintisana ngendawo emigwaqweni egcwele abantu, okwaholela ekubeni kube khona ukuminyana okungapheliyo nokushayisana okuyingozi. Imizamo yokuqala yokulawula izithuthi yayilula kakhulu, ivame ukuthembela emaphoyiseni ayemi emagumbini emigwaqo axakekile ukuze aqondise ukuhamba kwezithuthi ngesandla esebenzisa izimpawu zezandla noma amakhwela. Nokho, le ndlela yesandla yayinomkhawulo ngenxa yokukhathala komuntu nokubonakala, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sezulu esibi noma ebusuku. Ukuphumelela okukhulu kwenzeka ngo-1868 lapho unjiniyela wezitimela waseBrithani uJohn Peake Knight efaka isibonakaliso sokuqala sezithuthi esaziwayo eLondon, eduze kweNdlu YePhalamende. Le divayisi yokuqala yayiyisistimu ye-semaphore ekhanyiswa ugesi, enezimpawu ezibomvu neziluhlaza ezingaphakanyiswa futhi yehliswe yiphoyisa ukuze libonise ukuthi iyeke noma iqhubeke. Ngeshwa, lesi sibonakaliso sokuqala kodwa esiyingqayizivele saba nesikhathi esifushane; saqhuma ngenxa yokuphuma kukagesi zingakapheli unyaka ngemuva kokufakwa, sabangela ukulimala kumuntu owayesisebenzisa. Naphezu kwalokhu kuhluleka, umklamo kaKnight wahlwanyela imbewu yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo, wabonisa ukuthi isibonakaliso semishini singathatha indawo yezimpawu zomuntu emagumbini abalulekile emigwaqweni. Umqondo oyisisekelo wokusebenzisa izibani ezinemibala ukudlulisa imiyalelo wawusungulwe, futhi ukufunwa kwesisombululo esiphephile nesithembekile saqala ngempela.

Uguquko lokwethula emlandweni wokulawulwa kwezimoto lwafika ngo-1912 ngokufakwa kokukhanya kokuqala kukagesi okulawula izimoto e-Salt Lake City, e-Utah, okwacashunwa ngusomthetho uLester Wire. Leli thuluzi, nakuba lalingekho ezingeni eliphezulu ngamazinga anamanje, lasebenzisa izibani ezibomvu neziluhlaza ezibekwe ebhokisini elenziwe ngokhuni futhi lalisebenza ngesandla ngezintambo ezivela endaweni yokubuka eseduze. Ukuqanjwa okusha kwaba ngokushesha: izibani zikagesi zazikhanya kakhulu, zibonakala kalula, futhi ziphephile kakhulu kunezinye ezisebenzisa ugesi. Emva kweminyaka emibili nje, i-American Traffic Signal Company yafaka uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu lukagesi e-Cleveland, e-Ohio, olwalunokukhanya okubomvu noluhlaza kanye nensimbi encane ukwazisa abashayeli ngokushintsha kombala. Lesi sikhathi sabona nokuvela kwezibani zokuqala ezizenzakalelayo, ezazisebenzisa izindlela zesikhathi ukushintsha phakathi kwezikhathi ezibomvu neziluhlaza ngaphandle kosizo lomuntu. Ukwethulwa kokukhanya okubomvu okumaphakathi, noma isigaba esiphuzi, kwaba enye indawo ebalulekile eyafika ngeminyaka yama-1920. Lo mbono ubalelwa kakhulu kusomthetho waseDetroit uWilliam Potts, oqaphele ukuthi abashayeli badinga isikhathi sesixwayiso phakathi kwezikhathi ezibomvu neziluhlaza ukuze bakwazi ukudlula endaweni yezimoto ngokuphepha. Lesi sengezo esilula kakhulu sandise kakhulu ukwehla kwezimoto ezishayisana ngemuva kanye nezingozi ezibangelwa ukungazinzi, kwenza uhlelo lwezibani ezintathu olusasebenza njengendlela ejwayelekile emhlabeni jikelele namuhla. Njengoba amadolobha ayekhula futhi ubunikazi bezimoto buvuka, ukukhanya kwezimoto kwaguquka kusukela ekuzameni okusha kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile yengqalasizinda yedolobha.

Ukusuka ekusebenzeni ngesandla kuya ezinhlelweni ezisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kwaba kancane kodwa kwaba nomthelela omkhulu, kwashintsha indlela izindawo ezaziphatha ngayo izidingo zazo ezikhulayo zethrafikhi. Izibani zokuqala zethrafikhi zikagesi zazisadinga umphathi wamaphoyisa noma umuntu oqeqeshiwe ukuthi ashintshe izinkinobho noma acindezele izinkinobho ukuze ashintshe izibani, okwakukhawula ukusebenza kahle nokwanda kwazo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-timer azisebenzelayo ngawo-1920 kwavumela izimpawu ukuthi zisebenze ngamashejuli achazwe ngaphambili, zidlule ezikhathini ezibomvu, eziluhlaza, nezimhlophe ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa komuntu. Lezi zimpawu zokuqala ezisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo zazivame ukuhambisana emigwaqweni emikhulu, kwadala "amaza aluhlaza" okuqala avumela izimoto ukuthi zihambe ngeziphambanweni eziningi ngaphandle kokuma. Isinyathelo esilandelayo esikhulu sabonakala ngokwethulwa kwezimpawu ezisebenza ngokuvumelana nezimoto ngawo-1930, ezazisebenzisa izipleyiti zokucindezela noma izinzwa zamagnetic ezifakwe emgwaqweni ukuthola izimoto ezisondelayo. Lezi zinhlelo zazikwazi ukwelula izibani eziluhlaza lapho kukhona ithrafikhi eningi noma zishintshele ebomvu ngokushesha lapho kungabikho izimoto, kwenza ukuhamba kwethrafikhi kube okuguquguqukayo kakhulu. Ukuguquka kokudweba kwezibani zethrafikhi ngalesi sikhathi nakho kwabonisa ukwanda kobunzima; amashayina nezinhlelo zobunjiniyela zaqala ukufaka izinto zokubala isikhathi, izifunda zokudlulisa, kanye nezifunda zokuthola. Ngokwesigamu seshumi leminyaka leminyaka, ukulawulwa kwethrafikhi kwaba insimu eyinkimbinkimbi yobunjiniyela bethrafikhi, lapho izindawo zisebenzisa amanethiwekhi ahambisanayo ezimpawu ukuphatha ukuminyana kwesikhathi sokuphuma emsebenzini. Lokhu kusuka ekulawuleni ngesandla kuya ekuzisebenzelayo kwabeka isisekelo sezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile esizisebenzisayo namuhla.

Izibani zethrafikhi zanamuhla azifani neze nezandulela zazo zakuqala kwekhulu lama-20, ziguqulwe yintuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe be-elektroniki, isayensi yezinto, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuxhumana. Inguquko ebonakala kakhulu emashumini eminyaka adlule kube ukushintsha kusuka ezibukweni ze-incandescent kuye kwezibukweni ezikhanyisa ngama-LED (light-emitting diodes). Izibani zethrafikhi ze-LED zisebenzisa ugesi ongaphansi ngo-90% kunezandulela zazo ze-incandescent, zihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi zigcina ukubonakala okukhulu ngisho nalapho ilanga likhanya ngqo. Leli shintsho lishishe omkhandlu emhlabeni wonke izigidigidi zamadola ezindlekweni zikagesi futhi kunciphise kakhulu umthwalo wokugcinwa. Izimpawu zanamuhla ziphinde zihlanganise izici ezithuthukisiwe njengezibali zesikhathi sabahamba ngezinyawo, izimpawu ezizwakala kubasebenzisi abangaboni, kanye nama-algorithms okulawula ashintsha isikhathi ngesikhathi ngokusekelwe ezimweni zethrafikhi zamanje. Isibani sethrafikhi esiphuzi esijwayelekile sihlala siyisici esibalulekile sokuphepha, kodwa manje sesikalwa ngokunembayo kusetshenziswa amamodeli ekhompyutha ukuze kucatshangelwe isivinini sezimoto, ububanzi bomgwaqo, kanye nezikhathi zokuphendula zabashayeli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibani eziningi zethrafikhi zanamuhla zixhunywe ezinhlelweni zokuphatha ezimaphakathi nge-fiber optics noma amanethiwekhi eselula, okuvumela onjiniyela bethrafikhi ukuthi babheke ukusebenza, bathole amaphutha, futhi balungise isikhathi kude. Le nqubekela phambili yenze imigwaqo iphephe futhi isebenze kangcono kunanoma nini ngaphambili, ngisho nalapho umthamo wethrafikhi uqhubeka nokwanda ezindaweni zasemadolobheni emhlabeni wonke.

Ubuchwepheshe buye wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuguquleni izibani zethrafikhi kusuka kumadivayisi alula okukhombisa izimpawu zibe amathuluzi okuvikela aqinisekisa abashayeli, abagibeli bamabhayisikili, nabahamba ngezinyawo ngokufanayo. Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezithuthukisiwe eminyakeni yamuva nje kube ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo zokuthola izinto ezisekelwe kuzinzwa ezikwazi ukukhomba hhayi kuphela ubukhona bezimoto kodwa futhi nesivinini sazo, usayizi, nendlela ezihamba ngayo. Lezi zinzwa zivumela izibani zethrafikhi ukuthi zenze izinqumo ezihlakaniphile, njengokwelula ukukhanya okuluhlaza kwemoto ephuthumayo esondelayo noma ukufinyeza isigaba esibomvu lapho kungatholwanga ithrafikhi esiphambanayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezisekelwe ku-radar, i-lidar, nekhamera kuphinde kwavumela imisebenzi ethuthukisiwe njengokuthola abahamba ngezinyawo, okungakwazi ukwenza isignali yokuhamba noma ukubamba ukukhanya okubomvu isikhathi eside uma othile ehamba kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvela kobuchwepheshe bezimoto ezixhunyiwe sekuqala ukuvumela izibani zethrafikhi ukuthi zixhumane ngqo nezimoto, zihlanganyele ulwazi mayelana nesikhathi samasiginali kanye nezinguquko ezizayo ukusiza abashayeli ukuthi balungise isivinini sabo futhi bagweme ukubopha kanzima. Lokhu kuxhumana kwezimoto-kuya-engqalasizinda kunesikhathi sokunciphisa izingozi ezindaweni eziwumgwaqo ezinamasiginali, ezihlala ziyizindawo ezivame kakhulu zengozi emadolobheni. Njengenkampani ebandakanyeke kakhulu emkhakheni wezithuthi ezihlakaniphile,Ikhaya—isiza esisemthethweni se-Handong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd.—sisebenza ngokukhethekile ekuthuthukiseni izixazululo zokukhanya kwethrafikhi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezihlanganisa lobu buchwepheshe, kusiza amadolobha ukuthi akhe amanethiwekhi emigwaqo aphephile futhi asebenze kahle.

Inkampani iHandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. izibeke njengomdlali obalulekile emkhakheni wokuphathwa kwezimoto okuhlakaniphile, ihlinzeka ngemikhiqizo ethuthukisiwe yezibani zethrafikhi ebonisa ubunjiniyela besimanje obuhamba phambili. Uhlu lwemikhiqizo yenkampani luhlanganisa izibani zethrafikhi ze-LED, izinhlelo zokuwela abahamba ngezinyawo, izikhathi zokubala phansi, kanye nama-module okulawula aguquguqukayo enzelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo eziqinile zezimpambaniso zamadolobha. Enye yezinto ezintsha ezibalulekile ezivela kwaHandong Penghui ukugxila kwabo kuma-module e-LED anokukhanya okuphezulu, asebenzisa kahle amandla, aqinisekisa ukubonakala okucacile ngisho nasezindaweni ezinzima zezulu, kunciphisa ubungozi bokuthi izimpambaniso zingachazwa kabi abashayeli. Izinhlelo zabo zakhiwe futhi ngokucabangela ukuba namamoduli, okuvumela ukugcinwa okulula nokuthuthukiswa ngaphandle kokudinga ukushintsha ngokuphelele ingqalasizinda yesignali. Emaphrojekthi ambalwa okuqala emadolobheni aseShayina, abalawuli bezibani zethrafikhi eziguquguqukayo bakwaHandong Penghui baye babonisa ukuthuthuka okulinganisekayo ekudlulisweni kwezimpambaniso kanye nokuncipha kwezikhathi zokulinda ezimaphakathi ezingeni eliphezulu. Ukuzibophezela kwenkampani ekuqeqeqeni nasekuqeqeqeni kubonakala nakakhulu kuwoImikhiqizo ikhasi, elikhombisa izinhlobonhlobo zezilungiselelo zokukhanya kwethrafikhi ezifanele izakhiwo ezahlukene zemigwaqo kanye nevolumu yethrafikhi. Ngokuhlanganisa ihadiwe eqinile nesofthiwe yokulawula ehlakaniphile, i-Handong Penghui isiza ukugcwalisa isikhala phakathi kwezibani zethrafikhi zakudala kanye nezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile, eziqhutshwa yidatha zesikhathi esizayo.

Ngokubheka phambili, isibani sezithuthi silungiselelwe ukuguquka okukhulu kunakho konke okwenzekile, okushukunyiswa ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuhlakani bokwenziwa, izimoto ezizihambelayo, kanye neziyalezo zedolobha elihlakaniphile. Enye yezinto ezilindeleke kakhulu ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwezinhlelo zokulawula izithuthi ezisebenza ngokugcwele, ezisekelwa yi-AI, ezingafunda izindlela zezithuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi zilungise isikhathi samasiginali ngesikhathi sangempela ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka komuntu. Lezi zinhlelo zizokwazi ukuxhumanisa izimpambano zamakhilomitha eziningana ngasikhathi sinye, zakhe amagagasi aluhlaza ashukumisayo aphendula ngokushesha ezingozini, imicimbi ekhethekile, noma izinguquko zokufunwa ezingalindelekile. Enye intuthuko ethokozisayo ukuhlanganiswa kwezibani zezithuthi ne-5G amanethiwekhi, okuvumela ukuxhumana okubambezelekayo kakhulu phakathi kwezibani, izimoto, namapulatifomu okuphatha izithuthi asekelwe emafini. Lokhu kuxhumana kuzovumela izimoto ezizihambelayo ukuthi "zibone" izinguquko zamasiginali ezizayo kusenesikhathi, ziqonde indlela yazo futhi zinciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. Ukwakheka kwezibani zezithuthi ngokwazo kungase kushintshe, ngamadolobha amanye azama imichilo ye-LED esezingeni lomhlaba ehambisana nezimoto ezizihambelayo kanye nemibukiso yedijithali engashintsha umlayezo wayo ngokuya ngesikhathi sosuku noma izimo zezithuthi. Ngisho nomdwebo wendabuko wezibani zezithuthi uyathuthuka, njengoba onjiniyela behlola izindlu ezincane, ezihamba ngomoya, ezingafakwa kalula futhi zihlanganise izinzwa ezengeziwe ngqo ekhanda lesiginali. Lezi zinto ezintsha zithembisa ukwenza izimpambano zingabi nezingozi kuphela kodwa futhi zisebenze kahle kakhulu, zinciphise ukukhishwa kanye nezikhathi zokuhamba ngezindlela ezingeke zazicabangeka eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule.

Uhambo lokukhanya kwethrafikhi kusukela ku-semaphore esebenzisa ugesi wegesi e-Victorian London kuya kudivayisi ehlakaniphile, exhumene nekakhulu ekwazi ukuxhumana nezimoto ezizihambelayo, kuwubufakazi bokudala komuntu kanye nomzamo ongayeki wokuphepha. Isikhathi ngasinye silethe izinselele zaso—kusukela ezingxenyeni zezimoto ezidonswa amahhashi kuya ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zamadolobha amanje—futhi isikhathi ngasinye siphendule ngezinto ezintsha ezenze imigwaqo yethu iphephe futhi isebenze kahle kakhulu. Ukukhanya kwethrafikhi, noma ukukhanya kokumisa, kuhlala kungenye yezimpawu ezibonakala kakhulu emhlabeni wonke zokuhleleka emhlabeni oguquguquka njalo. Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, ukuqhubeka kokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokukhanya kwethrafikhi kuyoba okubalulekile ekuphathweni kwezidingo ezikhulayo zokuhlala emadolobheni, ukunciphisa ukufa kwethrafikhi, nokusekela ukuguqukela ekuhambeni okuzihambelayo. Izinkampani ezifana neHandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. zisezingeni eliphezulu lalokhu kuhamba, zithuthukisa imikhiqizo ehlanganisa ukwethembeka nokuhlakanipha. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngomsebenzi wabo namakhono abo, vakashela iwebhusayithi yabo.Mayelana Nathi ikhasi. Indlela ephambi kwethu ikhanyisiwe, futhi ukukhanya kwethrafikhi okuzithobayo—okuqondiswa ubuhlakani nokubona kude—kuzoqhubeka nokuholela endleleni eya emigwaqweni ephephile, ehlakaniphile kuwo wonke umuntu.