Iswazi esithobekile somgwaqo silawule imigwaqo yethu iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, siqondisa ukugobhoza nokwehla kwezimoto eziyizigidi nsuku zonke ngokungaguquki okuphawulekayo. Nokho, iswazi somgwaqo manje silungele ushintsho olukhulu kakhulu kusukela kwethulwa iswazi eliphuzi, olushukunyiswa cishe ngokuphelele ukukhula okusheshayo kwezimoto ezixhumene nezikwazi ukuzihambela. Izinhlelo zesimanje zezibani zomgwaqo ziguquka kusukela ezilawulweni ezilula ezisebenza ngesikhathi zibe amanethiwekhi ahlakaniphile, aqhutshwa yidatha angakwazi ukuxhumana ngqo nezimoto futhi azivumelanise nezimo zesikhathi sangempela. Lokhu kushintsha kuthembisa ukunciphisa ukuminyana, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha, nokushintsha ngokuyisisekelo indlela esicabanga ngayo ngokuphathwa kwezimpambano zemigwaqo. Emabhizinisini ahileleke engqalasizinda yezokuthutha, ukuqonda lokhu kuguquka akumane kuthakazelisa — kubalulekile ukuze uhlale uqhudelana. Izinkampani ezinjengeShandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., ezigxile emikhiqizweni yezokuthutha ehlakaniphile nezibani zomgwaqo ze-LED, sezihamba phambili kulolu shintsho. Uhambo olusuka kuzimpawu zokuqala ezilula ezibomvu neziluhlaza ukuya ezinhlelweni zanamuhla ezihlakaniphile ezixhumene indaba yokuqamba okusha okuqhubekayo okungakapheli.

Iswathuthi yokuqala kagesi yafakwa eCleveland, e-Ohio, ngo-1914, inezibani ezibomvu neziluhlaza kuphela ezazisebenza ngesandla yiphoyisa elalisendaweni yokulinda eseduze. Lolu hlelo olulula olunombala obomvu noluhlaza lwaluyinguquko ngesikhathi salo, lunikeza indlela ecacile nevamile yokulawula ukuhamba kwezimoto ezindaweni ezinomgwaqo omningi. Eminyakeni eyisithupha nje kamuva, ngo-1920, iDetroit yethula into entsha ebalulekile — isibani esiphuzi — esinikeza abashayeli isikhathi sokuxwayisa phakathi kwezibani eziluhlaza nezibomvu futhi kwehlisa kakhulu izingozi zokushayisana. Ukungezwa kwesibani esiphuzi kwaba namandla kangangokuthi ngokushesha kwaba yinto evamile kuzo zonke izinhlelo zezibani zomgwaqo e-United States nasemhlabeni wonke. Ngo-1930, izibani zomgwaqo zase zamukelwa cishe kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu, okwakungesinye sezinto ezashesha kakhulu ukwamukelwa kwezobuchwepheshe ezingqungqutheleni zasemadolobheni emlandweni. Izakhiwo zakuqala zazinkulu, zibiza, futhi zidinga ukugadwa okungapheli ngabantu, kodwa zabeka isisekelo sakho konke okwalandela. Uhlelo oluyisisekelo lwemibala ebomvu-ephuzi-luhlaza lwaziwa emhlabeni wonke kangangokuthi ngisho nomdwebo olula wezibani zomgwaqo uqondakala ngokushesha kuzo zonke izinhlanga nezilimi namuhla.

Iziqondisi zemishini neze-electromechanical ezazilawula ingxenye yekhulu lama-20 zashintshwa kancane kancane izinto zikagesi eziqinile eminyakeni yawo-1970 nawo-1980, okuvumela amaphethini esikhathi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Le ntuthuko yavumela onjiniyela bezokuthutha ukuthi bahlanganise izimpambano eziningi emgwaqweni owodwa, bakhe "amagagasi aluhlaza" anciphisa ukushayela kokuma nokuqhubeka futhi athuthukise ukonga uphethiloli. Naphezu kwale ntuthuko, umqondo oyisisekelo wezibani zomgwaqo awuzange ushintshe amashumi eminyaka — zisebenza ngamashejuli angaguquki noma izihibe ezilula zokuthola izimoto ezifakwe emgwaqweni. Inselele yokuphoqelela lezi zibonakaliso nayo yaba yinto ekhathazayo, okuholele ekusetshenzisweni okubanzi kwamakhamera azishintshayo akhipha itikiti lokungena obomvu kulabo abephula umthetho, umkhuba osalokhu uphikisana kodwa ngokungenakuphikwa usebenza ekuguquleni ukuziphatha komshayeli. Ngaleso sikhathi, izifunda ezahlukene zakha umehluko wazo; isibonelo, izibani zomgwaqo zaseBrithani zinephethini eyingqayizivele yokulandelana lapho obomvu nokuphuzi kuvela ndawonye ngaphambi kokuluhlaza, umkhawulo ohlukanisa izibani zaseMelika. Umlando wezibani zomgwaqo ungubufakazi bokuthi umqondo olula ngenkathi ungavela ungathuthukiswa ngokuthuthuka okuncane ube yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yanamuhla.

Abacwaningi baseNorth Carolina State University bahlongoze umqondo omusha oguquguqukayo ongashintsha kabusha isibani somgwaqo njengoba sisazi — isibani sesine esimhlophe esiklanyelwe ngqo ukuxhumana nezimoto ezizishayelayo. Lo mqondo ulula kodwa unzulu: uma izimoto ezizishayelayo eziningi zikhona empambanweni, isibani esimhlophe siyavuka, sikhombisa ukuthi izimoto ezizishayelayo zihlela ukunyakaza kwazo ngaphandle kwentambo ukuze zihambe empambanweni ngaphandle kokuma. Izimoto eziqhutshwa abantu zivele zilandele izimoto ezizishayelayo empambanweni, zithembele ekubikezeleni nasekucopheleleni kokuhamba kwezimoto eziqhutshwa ngomshini. Le ndlela inganciphisa kakhulu ukubambezeleka futhi ithuthukise ukuhamba kwezimoto, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi eziphakeme lapho inani lezimoto liphezulu kakhulu. Lo mqondo awusiyona nje inkolelo; ukulingisa kuphakamisa ukuthi uma kungaba ngu-40-50% wezimoto emigwaqweni zizishayela, uhlelo lwesibani esimhlophe lungase lusebenze futhi lube namandla kakhulu.

Ukuthathwa kokukhanya kwesine kungashintsha kakhulu indlela izinhlelo zezibani zomgwaqo ezisebenza ngayo, kusuka kumodeli elawulwa ngokungaguquki kuya ohlelweni oluguquguqukayo, oluholwa yizimoto. Nokho, umqondo wokukhanya okumhlophe uphakamisa nemibuzo ebalulekile mayelana nokumiswa kwezindinganiso, izindleko zengqalasizinda, kanye nesikhathi soguquko lapho izimoto eziqhutshwa ngabantu nezizishayelayo zihlanganyela emgwaqweni. Isibonelo, ngabe zonke izinhlelo zezibani zomgwaqo zidinga ukufakwa kabusha ukuze zibe nophawu olumhlophe, noma ngabe izibonisi ezikhona ze-LED zingahlelwa kabusha ukuze zikwazi ukusekela lokhu? Abakhiqizi bobuchwepheshe bezibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile, okuhlanganisa i-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., basesimweni esihle sokufaka isandla kulolu guquko ngenxa yobuchwepheshe babo ekwakhiweni kwezibonisi ze-LED nengqalasizinda exhunyiwe. Umqondo wokukhanya okumhlophe umele isixazululo esibheke phambili esilindela ikusasa lapho ukuzishayela kuyinto evamile kunokuba kuyinto eyisihluthulelo. Nakuba usemkhakheni wocwaningo, lo mbono usuveze izingxoxo eziningi phakathi kwabahleli bezokuthutha nonjiniyela emhlabeni wonke.

Ngenkathi umqondo wokukhanya okumhlophe ubukeka useminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ngaphambili, i-University of Michigan isivele ihlola indlela esebenza ngokushesha futhi esebenziseka kalula esebenzisa idatha ye-GPS engaziwa ezimotweni ezixhumene ukuze ilungise isikhathi sokukhanya kwezimoto ngesikhathi sangempela. Lolu hlelo, oluye lwahlolwa e-Birmingham, e-Michigan, luqoqa idatha yendawo nesivinini ezimotweni ezibambe iqhaza bese luyifaka ku-algorithm elungisa ukuhleleka kwezikhathi zokukhanya ngokushesha. Esikhundleni sokwengeza umbala omusha wokukhanya, le ndlela isebenza nezinhlelo ezikhona zokukhanya kwezimoto kanye nengqalasizinda, okwenza kube lula ukukhulisa lolu hlelo esikhathini esiseduze. Inzuzo enkulu ukuthi ayidingi ukuthi zonke izimoto zibe ngokuzilawula — ngisho nepesenti elincane lezimoto ezixhumene ezinikeza idatha ye-GPS lingakwazi ukuletha izinguquko ezinkulu ekuhambeni kwezimoto. Lolu hlelo luqhubeka lufunda emaphethini okuhamba kwezimoto futhi luzivumelanisa nezehlakalo ezingalindelekile, njengezingozi noma ukuvalwa kwemigwaqo, ngokushesha okukhulu kunezinhlelo zendabuko zokuphatha ukuhamba kwezimoto.

Le ndlela yezimoto ezixhumene imele indawo ephakathi enengqondo phakathi kwengqalasizinda yanamuhla nekusasa elizimele ngokuphelele. Isebenzisa ukwanda kwezingcingo ezinama-GPS kanye ne-telematics yezimoto yesimanje ukwakha isithombe sesikhathi sangempela sezimo zomgwaqo ngaphandle kwesidingo semishini emisha ebizayo kuzo zonke izimpambano zomgwaqo. Uhlolo lwase-Birmingham lubonise ukuncipha okulinganiselayo kwezikhathi zokulinda eziphakathi nendawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, okunikeza ubufakazi obuphathekayo bokuthi ukulungiswa kwamasignali okuqhutshwa yidatha kuyasebenza. Emasipalathini afuna ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza komgwaqo ngaphandle kokwenza amaphrojekthi amakhulu emali, le ndlela inikeza indlela ekhangayo eya phambili. Izinkampani ezikhiqiza izinhlelo zamasignali omgwaqo ezithuthukile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuhlobene bezokuthutha obuhlakaniphile, njenge-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., zithuthukisa imikhiqizo engahlanganiswa nalezi zivumelwano zezimoto ezixhumene. Umsebenzi we-University of Michigan ukhombisa ukuthi ikusasa lokuphathwa komgwaqo aligcini nje ngamasignali uqobo, kodwa ngamanethiwekhi edatha awaxhuma ezimotweni ezisebenzayo.

Ngisho noma ingekho inkululeko ephelele noma amanethiwekhi ezimoto ezixhumene, ukulungiswa okuncane kwesikhathi ezinhlelweni ezikhona zokukhanya kwezimoto sekukhiqiza izinzuzo ezinkulu emadolobheni ase-United States. Izifundo zibonise ukuthi ukulungisa isikhathi sokukhanya — ngezinye izikhathi ngemizuzwana embalwa — kunganciphisa isikhathi sokuhamba sonke ngo-10-20% futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngezilinganiso ezifanayo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kubiza kancane ukuqaliswa uma kuqhathaniswa nokwandiswa kwemigwaqo noma ukwakhiwa okusha, okwenza ukulungiswa kabusha kwezikhathi zokukhanya kube enye yezindlela ezingabizi kakhulu zokunciphisa ukuminyana. Iminikazi eminingi yamadolobha manje isebenzisa idatha evela kuzinzwa ze-Bluetooth, amakhamera, ngisho nezinhlelo zokuhamba ngezimoto ukuze ilungise izinhlelo zayo zokukhanya ngokunemba okungakaze kubonwe. Umphumela oqongelelwe wezinkulungwane zokulungiswa okuncane kwesikhathi kwinethiwekhi yedolobha ungashintsha izinto, unciphise ukukhishwa kwezinto ezingcolisayo futhi uthuthukise izinga lempilo lezigidi zabahambi.

Ngenxa yokubona lokhu kungenzeka, izinhlaka zikahulumeni kanye nezifundazwe seziqalile ukunikeza izibonelelo ezintsha ezigxile ekuthuthukiseni izinhlelo zezibani zomgwaqo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwengqalasizinda yezokuthutha ehlakaniphile. Lezi zibonelelo zisiza amadolobha ukuthi afake izilawuli ezindala, afake izibani ze-LED eziphumelela kakhulu, futhi ahlole ubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezixhumene njengalokho kuhlolwe eMichigan. Emabhizinisini asemkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe bezokuthutha, lolu xhaso lumele ithuba elikhulu lokukhula. I-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., egxile ezibani ze-LED zomgwaqo ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezixazululo ezihlakaniphile zokuthutha, ikulesimo esihle sokuhlinzeka ngezinto zokusebenza kanye nobuchwepheshe obudingekayo kulezi zinhlelo zokuthuthukisa. Ukushintshela ezinhlelweni zezibani zomgwaqo ezihlakaniphile nezixhumene akusikho okuzokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo — kwenzeka manje, kuxhaswa ngutshalomali lwangempela lukahulumeni futhi kuqhutshwa yimiphumela ebonakalayo. Inselele emadolobheni akukona ukuthi kufanele athuthukise yini, kodwa ukuthi angasebenzisa ngokushesha kangakanani lobu buchwepheshe obufakazelwe kuyo yonke inethiwekhi yawo.

Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buqhubela phambili ngokushesha ukusetshenziswa kwezimpawu zomgwaqo zesizukulwane esisha, kusisondeza emhlabeni lapho izimpambano zemigwaqo zilawulwa ama-algorithms kunezikhathi ezimisiwe. Amamodeli okufunda ngomshini angahlaziya inani elikhulu ledatha yezimoto — kusukela emaphethini omlando kuya kumakhamera esikhathi sangempela — futhi enze izinqumo zokuhlela izikhathi zezimpawu ezedlula kakhulu amandla omuntu. Lezi zinhlelo zezimpawu zomgwaqo eziqhutshwa yi-AI zingazivumelanisa nemicimbi ekhethekile, izimo zezulu, kanye nokushintsha kokuziphatha kwabashayeli ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu okuncane. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-AI nedatha yezimoto ezixhumene kanye namanethiwekhi ezinzwa athuthukile kwakha umjikelezo wempendulo onamandla oqhubeka uthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezimpambano zemigwaqo. Umphumela uhlelo lokuphatha izimoto oluphephile, olusebenza kahle, futhi oluphendula ngokushesha kunanoma yini eyake yaba khona.

Ukusukela ekuguqukeni kwesibani esilula esibomvu nokuluhlaza sango-1916 kuya ezinhlelweni zanamuhla ezinobuchwepheshe be-AI, ezinoxhumano lwedatha, kumelela ikhulu leminyaka elimangalisayo lokusungula izinto ezintsha. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezizihambelayo bukhula futhi ukuxhumana kuba yinto ejwayelekile, isibani somgwaqo sizoqhubeka nokuguquka ngezindlela esisaqala nje ukuzicabanga. Ochwepheshe bezokuthutha kanye namabhizinisi akule ndawo, ukuhlala benolwazi ngalokhu kuthuthuka kubalulekile. Noma ngabe unentshisekelo emlandweni wezibani zomgwaqo, ocwaningweni lwakamuva ngomqondo wesibani esimhlophe, noma izixazululo ezingokoqobo zokwenza isakhiwo sedolobha lakho sibe sesimanje, ikusasa lokuphathwa kwezimoto liyakhiwa njengamanje. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngezixazululo ezihlakaniphile zokuthutha kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile bezibani ze-LED, vakashela iwebhusayithi yethu.Ikhaya ikhasi noma hlola uhla lwethu lwe-Imikhiqizoiklanyelwe isizukulwane esilandelayo sezokuthutha ezihlakaniphile.