Ukukhanya kwethrafikhi kwesimanje kuyingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yethu yansuku zonke, elawula ukuhamba kwezimoto nabahamba ngezinyawo ngempumelelo emangalisayo. Kodwa-ke, uhambo lokukhanya okumile kusukela kusignali elula elikhanyiswa igesi kuya kukhompyutha yenethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yindaba ethokozisayo yokuqamba izinto ezintsha. Lesi sihloko sihluza umlando ocebile wokukhanya kwethrafikhi, sihlola ukuthuthuka kwayo, isimo sayo samanje, kanye namathemba esikhathi esizayo. Sizocubungula ukuthi imidwebo yokuqala yomqondo wokukhanya kwethrafikhi yaguquka kanjani yaba amadivayisi angempela kanye nendlela ukukhanya okuphuzi kwethrafikhi kwaba ngayo isilinganiso somhlaba wonke sezixwayiso. Ukuqonda lokhu kuthuthuka kubalulekile ukuze saziqonde izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqinisekisa ukuphepha emigwaqweni yethu namuhla. Njengoba simi emngceleni wezithuthi ezizihambelayo ngokuphelele, indima yokukhanya kwethrafikhi ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ukuze kugcinwe ukuhamba okuhle nokusebenzayo emadolobheni.

Umlando wokukhanya kwethrafikhi uqala kude ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kwezimoto eziningi, ugxile esidingweni sokuphatha imigwaqo yedolobha ebilokhu igcwele kakhulu. Ukukhanya kokuqala okwaziwayo kokumisa kwafakwa eLondon ngo-1868, idivayisi ekhanyiswa ugesi esetshenziswa ngesandla iphathwa umphoyisa. Lokhu kukhanya kwethrafikhi kwakuqala kwakusekelwe ezimisweni zokuxwayisa zezitimela futhi kwasebenzisa izingalo ze-semaphore ukukhombisa imiyalo yokumisa nokuhamba. Ngeshwa, ukukhanya kokuqala kokumisa kwaba nokuqhuma okukhulu ngenxa yokuphuma kukagesi, kwalimaza umsebenzisi futhi kwamiswa ukusetshenziswa kwayo iminyaka eminingi. Naphezu kokuqala okuyingozi, umqondo wokukhanya kwethrafikhi okwenziwa ngomshini waqhubeka, futhi ngo-1912, uLester Wire wasungula ukukhanya kokuqala kwethrafikhi kagesi eSalt Lake City. Idizayini yahlanzwa kakhulu nguGarrett Morgan, isignali yakhe yethrafikhi ezenzakalelayo eyayine-patent ngo-1923 yayine-design eyihlukile eyi-T-shape futhi ibhekwa njengenye yemidwebo yokuqala ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhanya kwethrafikhi.

Ukwethulwa kohlelo lwemibala emithathu kwaba yisigaba esilandelayo esibalulekile, njengoba onjiniyela baqaphela ukuthi isibani sethrafikhi esiphuzi sinikeza isikhathi esibalulekile sokuphepha phakathi kwezikhathi eziluhlaza nezibomvu. Lesi sigaba esiphakathi kwe-amber sivumele abashayeli isikhathi esanele sokuphendula nokuhlanza indawo yomgwaqo, kunciphisa kakhulu inani lezingozi ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu. Ngeminyaka yama-1920 nengama-1930, izibani zethrafikhi ezizenzakalelayo zazifakwa emadolobheni amakhulu aseMelika naseYurophu, ziguquka kusuka kumawashi alula zaba izinhlelo ezihlangene. Lezi zilawuli zokuqala zikagesi-mechanical, nakuba zilula kakhulu ngamazinga anamhlanje, zathola ingqikithi eyisisekelo esisebenzisa zonke izibani zethrafikhi zesimanje. Zafakaza ngaphandle kokungabaza ukuthi isibani sokumisa esiphakathi singahlela ukuhamba kwethrafikhi ngendlela ehlelekile kakhulu kunokuqondiswa ngesandla ngamaphoyisa. Lesi sigaba sokuqala sasibalulekile, njengoba sabonisa ukuthi isibani sethrafikhi sasingeyona nje into elula kodwa ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuphepha komphakathi elikwazi ukonga izinkulungwane zezimpilo minyaka yonke. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zamalungelo okudlula athuthukiswa ngalesi sikhathi kuhlala kuyisisekelo sokuphathwa kwethrafikhi yomgwaqo emhlabeni wonke.

Ingxenye yokugcina yekhulu lama-20 leminyaka yaletha uguquko lwedijithali oluguqule kakhulu amakhono esibani sezithuthi esivamile. Izibani zikagesi ezivamile zazisuswa kancane kancane zifakwa izibani ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezikhanyayo (LEDs), ezinikeze ukukhanya okungcono kakhulu, ukuphila isikhathi eside, nokusebenza kahle kwamandla. Isibani sokumisa samanje esisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-LED sidla amandla afinyelela ku-90% ngaphansi kunesandulela sayo esisebenzisa ugesi futhi sidinga ukugcinwa kaningi kakhulu, okwenza sibe ukukhetha okuzinzileyo kwemikhandlu. Izibani zezithuthi zamanje azisazona izikhathi ezizimele; ziyizinto eziguquguqukayo, ezixhunyiwe ezihlanganiswe nezinhlobonhlobo zezinzwa, amakhamera, kanye nemininingwane yesikhathi sangempela. Izinhlelo zokulawula izithuthi ezivumelana nezimo zingahlaziya amaphethini okuminyana ezindaweni eziningi futhi zilungise isikhathi sesignali ngokushesha ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhamba kwezithuthi. Lezi zinhlelo ezihlakaniphile zingasebenzisa ukushintsha okubalulekile kwezimoto eziphuthumayo, amabhasi omphakathi, ngisho nezithuthi eziningi zabahamba ngezinyawo, ziqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okulinganiselayo nokusebenza kahle kwesikhala somgwaqo.

Inhliziyo yalezi zinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe kukhona iqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lobuchwepheshe bokuthola, okuhlanganisa i-radar, i-lidar, izimbobo zokungenisa, namakhamera aphezulu. Lezi zinzwa zinikeza idatha enemininingwane ngokubalwa kwezimoto, isivinini, nokuhlukaniswa, okuvumela uhlelo oluphakathi lokulawula ithrafikhi ukuthi lenze izilungiso eziqondile, ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngenxa yalokho, indawo yokuwela yesimanje ingakwazi ukubeka phambili izinhlobo ezahlukene zethrafikhi ngobuhlakani, inciphise izikhathi zokulinda ezingadingekile futhi yehlise ukukhishwa kwezimoto okuvela ekumeni. Imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe yalezi zinhlelo, ikakhulukazi imidwebo yokuqala yezibani zethrafikhi, isiguquke yaba imidwebo eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa isakhiwo sehadiwe nezinqubo zesoftware ezithuthukisiwe. Kubahleli bezindlu kanye nonjiniyela abafuna ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yabo, isibani sethrafikhi samanje sinikeza ithuluzi elinamandla lokunciphisa ukuminyana nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha. Ukuhlola uhla olubanzi lwezi zinhlelo ezithuthukisiwe, ungabuka uhla olubanzi lomkhiqizo olutholakala ekhasini lemikhiqizo ye-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd.

Ukwakhiwa okusheshayo kwezimoto ezizihambelayo (AVs) kubonisa okunye kwezinselelo namathuba abaluleke kakhulu ezibani zethrafikhi zakudala. Izimoto ezizihambelayo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi bezinzwa, amakhamera, kanye nedatha yemephu yesikhathi sangempela ukuze zizulazule ngokuphepha ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze zihlanganiswe kahle kumanethiwekhi omgwaqo akhona, isibani esijwayelekile sokumisa kufanele sithuthuke ukuze sixhumane ngqo nama-AVs ngobuchwepheshe be-Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I). Esikhundleni sokuthembela ngokuphelele kukhamera ukuze ibone umbala wesibani sethrafikhi, i-AV izothola idatha enembayo ye-signal phase and timing (SPaT) ngedijithali. Lesi sixhumanisi sokuxhumana esiqondile sivumela imoto ukuthi yazi isikhathi esiqondile lapho isibani sizoshintsha khona, okuvumela ukubhalansi okubushelela kakhulu kokubopha nokusheshisa. Lokhu kuxhumana kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuphepha ngokuphelisa ngempumelelo ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi sokuphendula komuntu okuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokushayisana ngemuva nasemajikweni.

Lokhu kuhlanganiswa okujulile phakathi kwezimoto nengqalasizinda kudinga ukuguqulwa okuphelele kwezinhlelo ezikhona zokuphatha ithrafikhi. Izimpawu zethrafikhi kufanele zihlonyiswe ngamamojula okuxhumana esifushane (DSRC) noma amamojula eselula e-5G ukusakaza isimo sazo njalo nangokwethembeka. Ukwenziwa okujwayelekile kwalawa maphrothokholi okuxhumana kuyisithiyo esibalulekile abaholi bemboni abasebenza kanzima ukusibhekana naso, baqinisekise ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabakhiqizi bezimoto abahlukene nabahlinzeki bengqalasizinda yezimpawu. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhathi esiqondile sokukhanya okuphuzi kwethrafikhi yidatha ebalulekile umuntu ongasebenzisa i-AV ukwenza isinqumo esiqinisekile sokuthi uzoyeka ngokuphepha noma uzophume esiphambanweni. I-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. ibekwe kahle ukuthi inganikele kuleli shintsho lobuchwepheshe, ngenxa yobuchwepheshe babo obujulile ekukhiqizeni izinhlelo zezimpawu zethrafikhi ezinokwethenjelwa nezingakhuphuka. Imiklamo yabo yezinhlelo ezinezici eziningi ivumela ukuthuthukiswa okulula ukusekela izindinganiso zesikhathi esizayo ze-V2I, iqinisekisa ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kumakhasimende abo. Ukufunda kabanzi ngendlela yabo yokucabanga phambili kwezokuthutha ezihlakaniphile kuyatuswa kakhulu ekhasini eliyisiqalo lewebhusayithi yabo.

Ngokubheka phambili, ikusasa lamalambu omgwaqo lihlobene kakhulu nentuthuko ebanzi ye-artificial intelligence (AI) nengqalasizinda yedolobha elihlakaniphile. I-AI izodlala indima enkulu ekubikezeleni amaphethini omgwaqo ayinkimbinkimbi nasekuqondiseni izinhlelo zamasiginali kulo lonke idolobha, ihambela phambili kusukela ekulungiseni okungazelelwe kuya ekuphathweni okubikezelayo ngokuphelele. Mhlawumbe sizobona ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwezikhungo zokuphatha omgwaqo ezimaphakathi ezisebenzisa ama-digital twins ukuqapha nokuphatha izinkulungwane zezimpambano ngesikhathi sangempela, zilingisa imiphumela yezinguquko zesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. Ukwakheka kwamalambu omgwaqo uqobo kuzoqhubeka nokuguquka, kusuke ezintweni ezifakwe ezintsambeni kuya ezinhlelweni ezingaba khona ezingeni lomgwaqo ezixhumana nezimoto ngaphandle kwezintambo. Lezi zinhlelo zesikhathi esizayo zizokwazi ukuzihlola, zithole izinkinga ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi zithumele amaqembu okulungisa anemininingwane enembayo yendawo nokulungisa, zinciphise isikhathi sokungasebenzi nokuphazamiseka. Indima yomuntu ohlela omgwaqo izoshintsha kusukela ekulungiseni isikhathi mathu kuya ekugadeni okuyisistimu kanye nokuqondisa ama-algorithm.

Enye into ethembisayo ukwamukelwa kabanzi kwezinsiza zamandla avuselelekayo, njengez panel zelanga ezihlanganisiwe, ukwenza izimpawu zomgwaqo zizimele ngokuphelele futhi ziqine ngesikhathi sokucinywa kukagesi. Izinga eliqinile elilawula isikhathi sokukhanya okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka komgwaqo lizoba yi-hyper-dynamic, lizilungisa ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokusekelwe ezimweni zesimo sezulu sangempela, ukuminyana kwethrafikhi, kanye nesivinini sokusondela esibalwe sezimoto ezixhunyiwe nezizimele. Leli zinga elingakaze libe khona lokulawula okuningiliziwe lizothuthukisa kakhulu ukuhamba kwethrafikhi, kunciphise ukumiswa okungadingekile nokuqalisa, futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Singalindela ukuvela kwez "imigwaqo ehlakaniphile" evunyelaniswe ngokuphelele lapho izimpawu zomgwaqo ezilandelanayo zihlelwa kahle ukudala igagasi eliluhlaza eliqhubekayo lamaqoqo ezimoto, kuthuthukiswe ukudlula nokunciphisa izikhathi zokuhamba. Lezi zinto ezintsha zithembisa ukwenza imigwaqo yethu iphephe, ithule, futhi isebenze kahle kakhulu, ziqedele ukuchaza kabusha umuzwa wokushayela wansuku zonke ezigidini zabantu. Ukuze uqonde ukuzinikela kanye nobuchwepheshe obuqhutshwa yilezi zinto ezintsha, sicela ucabange ukuhlola ikhasi lethu elithi Mayelana Nathi le-Shandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., inkampani ezibophezele esikhathini esizayo sezokuthutha ezihlakaniphile.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo okunamandla ekhulwini le-19 eLondon kuya ezinhlelweni zanamuhla ezihlakaniphile, ezihanjiswa yi-AI, isibani sezimoto siyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuphepha komgwaqo wesimanje nokusebenza kahle kwamadolobha. Njalo isigaba sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kusukela kusibani sokumisa esisebenza ngesandla kuya endaweni exhunyiwe, enemininingwane eminingi yamanje, isisondeze esikhathini esizayo esingenazo izingozi ezibulalayo zomgwaqo nokuhamba okungenamihawu kwamadolobha. Ukuqonda lolu hambo olumangalisayo kusisiza ukuba sihloniphe ubuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi obusebenza ngasese nxazonke zethu nsuku zonke ukuze busivikele futhi busiqondise. Ukuqhubeka kokuqhubeka kobuchwepheshe bezibani zezimoto, ikakhulukazi indima ebalulekile yokuphepha yesibani sezimoto esiphuzi, sizoqhubeka nokudala ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu ekuvikelekeni komgwaqo nasekuphumeleleni kwezimoto emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Njengoba sibheke esikhathini esizayo esilawulwa izinhlelo zezimoto ezizimele ngokuphelele, kucacile ukuthi isibani sezimoto esithobekile sizohlala siyisisekelo esibalulekile sengqalasizinda yezokuthutha emhlabeni wonke. Ukuzibophezela okuqhubekayo kwezinkampani ezintsha ezifana neShandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd. ezixazulisweni zezimoto ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezicabanga phambili kubalulekile futhi kuyaziswa njengengxenye yalo mqeqeshi wokuqhubeka.