Izinto ezimbalwa ziphethe isigqi sansuku zonke sokuphila emadolobheni njengokukhanya kwezimoto. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zezithuthuthu, ukuphatha ukuhamba kwezimoto ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi kube yinselele enkulu kubahleli bamadolobha nabaphathi bezimoto emhlabeni wonke. Ukukhanya kwezimoto okuthobekile, okunganakwa njalo ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwansuku zonke, kumela okungaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka lobuchwepheshe, ucwaningo lokuphepha, kanye nomklamo ohlakaniphile. Ukuqonda uhambo lokuziphendukela kwemvelo lokukhanya kwezimoto kusuka ezimpawini ezilula eziqhutshwa ngesandla kuya ezinhlelweni ezihlakaniphile ezisebenzisa i-AI kubonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izimoto bungathinta kanjani ukuphepha emigwaqweni, ukuphathwa kokuminyana, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Njengoba amadolobha eqhubeka nokukhula futhi izinombolo zezimoto zikhuphuka, indima yokukhanya kwezimoto iba yibaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni imigwaqo ihlelekile nokuvikela abahamba ngezinyawo nabashayeli ngokufanayo. Lesi sihloko sihlole umlando ogcwele, izimpawu zobuchwepheshe, kanye namathuba esikhathi esizayo ezinhlelweni zokukhanya kwezimoto, ngenkathi sibonisa nokuthi abakhiqizi banamuhla babuyekeza kanjani lokho lezi zinsiza ezibalulekile ezingakwazi ukukwenza.

Ngaphambi kokutholakala kokukhanya komgwaqo kukagesimende, abasebenzisi bomgwaqo babeyisebenzisa indlela elula kakhulu yokuxhumana ukuze bahambe ezipambanweni zomgwaqo ezimatasa. Ekuqala kwenkulungwane ka-19 kanye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amaphoyisa ayema ezipambanweni ezinkulu futhi aqondise izimoto ngokusebenzisa amakhwela, izimpawu, kanye nezenzo zezandla ezibonakalayo. Enye yezindlela zokuqala nezaziwa kakhulu zokuxhumana okungewona amazwi emgwaqweni kwaba yizimpawu zezandla zezimoto, lapho abashayeli beyelula izandla zabo ngaphandle amafasitela ezimoto ukuze babonise ukujika, ukumisa, noma ukushintsha imigwaqo. Noma lezi zenzo zazilula futhi ziqondakala kalula, zaziphinde zibe nezinkinga ngephutha lomuntu, ukungaqondani, kanye nokungahambisani, ikakhulukazi njengoba inani lezimoto belikhula emadolobheni amakhulu. Isidingo sesixazululo esijwayelekile, esisebenza ngomshini saba sobala, futhi abasunguli emhlabeni wonke baqala ukuzama izindlela ezahlukene zokwenza ukulawulwa kwezipambano kube okuzenzakalelayo. Ngonyaka ka-1868, umhlaba wabona umzamo wawo wokuqala wokukhanya komgwaqo eLondon, idivayisi ye-semaphore ekhanyiswa ugesi eyayiqhutshwa ngesandla yiphoyisa, nakuba yaba yefushane ngenxa yokuqhuma kukagesi. Nokho, lo mzamo wokuqala, walungisa indlela yokukhanya komgwaqo kukagesimende okwakuzolandela, okwabonisa ukuqala kokuziphendukela kwemvelo okude nokuthakazelisayo kokukhanya komgwaqo.

Isibani sokuqala sangempela sezimoto ezihamba ngezinyawo sifakwa eCleveland, Ohio, ngo-1914, sinezibani ezibomvu neziluhlaza ezilawulwa umphathi wamaphoyisa esiteshini esiseduze. Lo mklamo ngokushesha wafakazela ukuthi uthembeke kakhulu futhi ubonakala kunezinhlelo zangaphambili ezisebenzisa ugesi, futhi amadolobha kulo lonke elase-United States kanye neYurophu aqala ukwamukela izinto ezifanayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, izintandokazi ezihlukile zezindawo ezahlukene zaqala ukuvela, abantu abaningi befunda imidwebo yomlando yezibani zezimoto nezithombe ezindala ukuze baqonde ukuthi izilungiselelo zokuqala zezimpawu zazihlukile kanjani. E-United Kingdom, isibonelo, izibani zezimoto zaseBrithani zangaphambili zamukela ukuma okuhlukile okuvundlile kanye nokuhlelwa kombala okuhlukile okwakuhlukile kokufakwa okumi mpo kwaseMelika. Umdwebo onakekelwe wezibani zezimoto kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1920s ubuzobonisa ubuchopho obulula bezinto zangaphambili: izindlu zensimbi, izibani eziveziwe, kanye nezinqubo zokulawula ezidinga ukugadwa njalo ngabantu. Naphezu kwemikhawulo yazo, lezi zibani zokuqala zikagesi zazibonisa ukuthuthuka okukhulu ekuphepheni komgwaqo, kunciphisa kakhulu izingozi ezindaweni eziwela kuzo noma kuphi lapho zazisetshenziswa khona. Inkathi yokulawula ngesandla yayizophela, kodwa imbewu yokuphathwa kwezimoto okuzenzakalelayo yayisihlanyelwe ngokuqinile.

Ukwethulwa kwama-timer akuzenzakalelayo ngawo-1920 nawo-1930 kwaguqule isibani sezimoto saba yithuluzi elisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo elikwazi ukuphatha ukuhamba kwezimoto eziphambanweni ubusuku nemini. Onjiniyela bakhetha izilawuli zikagesi ezazishintsha imibala ibe bomvu, iphuzi, neluhlaza ngezikhathi ezibekiwe, kwaphelisa isidingo sokuba khona unogada kuwo wonke amaphuzu lapho kukhona khona izibani. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kunciphise kakhulu izindleko zabasebenzi futhi kwavumela amadolobha ukuba afake izibani zezimoto ezindaweni eziningi kakhulu kunalokho obekungenzeka ngabasebenzi abantu kuphela. Ukulandelana kombala okujwayelekile onemibala emithathu — bomvu ukuma, ophuzi ukuqaphela, neluhlaza ukuqhubeka — kwaba yindinganiso yamazwe ngamazwe, yize izingxoxo mayelana nezikhathi zokushintsha nokubekwa kwezibani zaqhubeka iminyaka eminingi. Izinhlangano ezibeka izindinganiso emhlabeni wonke zazisebenza ukudala imihlahlandlela efanayo yokubekwa kwezibani zezimoto, usayizi wamalensi, ukukhanya, nemithunzi yemibala ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukufana kuwo wonke amazwe. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1900, isibani sezimoto esisebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo saba yinto ejwayelekile ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, nezigidi zabashayeli ezincike esigqoko sayo esibikezelayo nsuku zonke. Nanamuhla, izindawo eziningi ezindala zisasebenza kusetshenziswa izilawuli eziyisisekelo ezisekelwe ku-timer, okuyinto efakazela ukuqina nokusebenza kahle kwesigaba sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwezibani zezimoto.

Njengoba ivolumu yethrafikhi yanda esikhathini sangemva kwempi, ubunzima bezinhlelo zesikhathi esinqunyiwe baba sobala kakhulu. Ukukhanya kwethrafikhi okusebenza ngohlelo olusethiwe kusengaphambili kwakungeke kukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo, njengokwanda kwethrafikhi ngesikhathi samahora aphezulu, izingozi, noma ukuwela kwabantu, okuholela ekubambezelekeni okungadingekile nasekuvinjezelweni. Onjiniyela baqala ukuzama izindlela zokulawula ezithuthukisiwe, okuhlanganisa izikhathi eziningi ezazinohlelo oluhlukile lwezikhathi ezahlukene zosuku. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zesiginali ezihlangene, lapho izibani eziningi zethrafikhi emgwaqweni owodwa zazihambisana ukuze kwakheke "amaza aluhlaza," kwaba yisinyathelo esikhulu phambili ekuthuthukiseni ukuhamba kwethrafikhi. Lezi zinhlelo ezihlangene zavumela izimoto ezihamba ngejubane elinconyiwe ukuba zihlangane nezibani eziluhlaza zilandelana, kunciphisa ukushayela okuyeka-ukuqala nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli. Umqondo wesikhathi sesiginali esiqhubekayo waba yisisekelo sobunjiniyela bethrafikhi yedolobha, futhi uhlala uyingxenye eyinhloko yezindlela zokulawula ithrafikhi zesimanje. Ukuguqukela kusuka ezibani ezilawulwa yisikhathi ezihlukene kuye ezinhlelweni ezixhunyiwe, ezihlangene kwabeka isisekelo sobuchwepheshe sezibani zethrafikhi ezivumelana nezimo nezinobuhlakani ezazozovela emashumini eminyaka alandela.

Ukuqhubekela phambili okukhulu okulandelayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezibani zomgwaqo kwafika ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa zokuthola izimoto, okwavumela izimpawu ukuthi ziphendule ngokuguquguquka ezimweni zomgwaqo zesikhathi sangempela. Izinzwa zohlobo lwe-inductive loop ezifakwe endaweni yomgwaqo zaba ubuchwepheshe obudumile bokuthola ezimotweni ngawo-1960 nawo-1970, zisebenzisa izinkambu zikagesi ukuthola ubukhona bezimoto ezilindile endaweni yomgwaqo. Lapho imoto isondela esibani esibomvu, inzwa yayizokwazisa isilawuli ukuthi sifushane noma sikhulise isigaba esiluhlaza kwisikhombisi esiphikisayo, sinciphise izikhathi zokulinda ezingenasidingo zemizila engenamuntu. Leli khono lokuzivumelanisa libe yisishintshi esikhulu: esikhundleni sokuthi umgwaqo ulandele uhlelo oluqinile, isibani somgwaqo saqala ukuphendula kumgwaqo uqobo. Amakhamera okuthola izithombe ngevidiyo nezinzwa ezisekelwe ku-radar kamuva zangezwa noma zathatha indawo yama-inductive loops ezindaweni eziningi, zinikeza ukunemba okukhulu nokulungiswa okulula. Lezi zinhlelo ezishukunyiswa izinzwa zazikwazi ukuthola hhayi kuphela ubukhona bezimoto kodwa futhi nesivinini, ubude bomugqa, ngisho nohlobo lwemoto esondela endaweni yomgwaqo. Idatha eqoqwe yilezi zinzi yenza abaholi bezokuthutha bakwazi ukulungisa kahle izinhlelo zesikhathi sezimpawu ngokunemba okungakaze kubonwe, kuthuthukisa ukudlula kwezimoto ezindaweni zomgwaqo ngo-20% kuya ku-40% ezimweni eziningi. Izinhlelo zokulawula umgwaqo eziguquguqukayo njenge-SCATS (Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System) kanye ne-SCOOT (Split Cycle Offset Optimisation Technique) zaba izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, ezasetshenziswa emakhulwini emadolobha emhlabeni jikelele.

Ubuchwepheshe bezinzwa buvule umnyango wokulawula izimpawu ngokubaluleka kwezimoto eziphuthumayo nezokuthutha zomphakathi. Lapho i-ambulensi, iloli lomlilo, noma ibhasi lisondela endaweni eyisiphambano, izibani zethrafikhi zesimanje zingakwazi ukubona imoto kusetshenziswa izithumeli ze-infrared, izimpawu ze-GPS, noma ukuxhumana okufushane okuzinikezele futhi ziqale umjikelezo ojwayelekile wezimpawu ukuze inikezwe ukukhanya okuluhlaza. Leli khono libonakale liyigugu ekwehliseni izikhathi zokuphendula eziphuthumayo nasekuthuthukiseni ukwethembeka kwezinhlelo zokuthutha zomphakathi. Ngaphezu kokuthola izimoto, izinzwa zabahamba ngezinyawo nezinhlelo zezinkinobho zaba izici ezijwayelekile, ezivumela izikhathi zokuwela ukuthi zilungiswe ngokusekelwe esidingweni sezinyawo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinzwa ku-controller eyodwa yokukhanyisa ithrafikhi kwadala imvelo yedatha ecebile abanjiniyela ababengayihlaziya ukuze bathole amaphethini, babikezele ukuminyana, futhi bahlele ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda. Inkathi yokuphathwa kwethrafikhi esabela ngempela yafika, futhi yaba yisiteji sezinhlelo ezihlakaniphile, ezixhunyiwe ezichaza umhlaba wedolobha elihlakaniphile lanamuhla. Ezinkampanini ezikhethekile engqalasizinda yethrafikhi, lesi sikhathi sabonisa ushintsho kusukela ekukhiqizeni izinto zokuboniswa ezilula ukuya ekuthuthukiseni izixazululo zokulawula ezihlanganisa izinto zokusebenza, isofthiwe, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha.

Uguquko olumangalisayo kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezibani zomgwaqo manje selwenzeka, luqhutshwa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Internet of Things (IoT), ubuhlakani bokwenziwa (AI), kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela. Izibani zomgwaqo zesimanje ezihlakaniphile azisazona izinto ezizimele; ziyizindawo ezixhunyiwe kunethiwekhi enkulu yedatha yedolobha ehambisana nezinhlelo zokuphatha umgwaqo ezimaphakathi, nezinye izibani, ngisho nezimoto ngokwazo. Lezi zinhlelo ezihlakaniphile zicubungula idatha evela kumakhamera, i-radar, izinzwa zesimo sezulu, kanye nabathumeli bezimoto ezixhunyiwe ukwenza izinqumo eziphuthumayo mayelana nesikhathi sokukhanya kwezibani nokuhlelwa kwazo. Izindlela zokufunda ngomshini zihlaziya izimo zomgwaqo zomlando nezangempela ukubikezela ukuminyana ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke, zilungise izinhlelo zezibani ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhamba ezindaweni ezithile zedolobha. Umphumela ukuncipha okukhulu ezikhathini zokuhamba ezimaphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, kanye nokukhishwa kwezimoto, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezokuphepha kubahamba ngezinyawo nabagibeli bamabhayisikili. Imizi efana neBarcelona, iSingapore, kanye neLos Angeles isivele yethule amanethiwekhi ezibani zomgwaqo ezithuthukiswe yi-AI ezinciphise ukulibaziseka ezindaweni eziwela ngama-30% noma ngaphezulu. Isibani somgwaqo esihlakaniphile simele ukufezeka kwakho konke okwenzeka ngaphambi kwaso, sihlanganisa ukwethembeka kwezikhathi ezizenzakalelayo, ukusabela kwezinzwa, kanye nobuhlakani bokubala okuthuthukile kuhlelo olulodwa, oluhlangene.

Ukwanda kokulawulwa kwezimoto okugxile kudatha sekudale amathuba amasha kubahlinzeki bengqalasizinda ukuthi banikele ngezixazululo eziphelele. Izinkampani ezazigxile ekukhiqizeni izinto zokulawula izimoto manje sezakha izinhlelo eziphelele ezihlanganisa isoftware yokulawula esekwe emafini, izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zokuqapha, kanye nezinsizakalo zokuhlanganisa ezimaphakathi emadolobheni ahlakaniphile. Le ndlela ephelele iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izibani zethrafikhi enethelothile zingaqashwa, zihloliswe, futhi zivuselelwe kude, kunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi nokuthuthukisa ukwethembeka kwesistimu. Ezinhlanganweni ezifana neShandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., le nqubekela phambili isho ukwanda ngaphezu kokukhiqizwa kwezibani zethrafikhi ze-LED ezijwayelekile ukuze kuthuthukiswe izixazululo zokuxwayisa ezihlakaniphile ezihlanganisa ukuxhumana kwe-IoT, amakhono okuphatha akude, kanye nemiklamo esebenza kahle yamandla. Umsebenzi wabo ekukhiqizeni izibani zethrafikhi ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezihlangabezana nezidingo zamanje zamadolobha ahlakaniphile zibonisa ukuthi abakhiqizi bajwayelana kanjani nezidingo eziguqukayo zengqalasizinda yasemadolobheni. Ukuzibophezela kwenkampani ekuqambeni ubuchwepheshe bezibani zethrafikhi kuhambisana nomkhuba omkhulu embonini wokulawulwa kwezindawo ezixhunyiwe, ezazi idatha. Njengoba amadolobha eqhubeka nokutshala imali engqalasizinda yezokuthutha ehlakaniphile, isidingo sezibani zethrafikhi ezingakwazi ukuxhumana, ukufunda, nokuzivumelanisa sizokwanda kuphela. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezibani zethrafikhi ezihlakaniphile ezinhleleni zokulawula izimoto zedolobha kuye kwaba yinto ejwayelekile ngokushesha kunokuba umqondo wekusasa.

Ngokubheka phambili, ukuthuthukiswa kwezibani zethrafikhi kulindeleke ukuba kungene esahlukweni sayo esijabulisa kakhulu, ngokuxhumana kwezimoto kuya kwingqalasizinda (V2I) kuguqula kakhulu indlela izibani ezisebenzisana ngayo nabasebenzisi bomgwaqo. Ohlelweni lwezokuthutha oluxhunywe ngokuphelele, izibani zethrafikhi zizobe zisakaza imininingwane yazo yesigaba sesignali nesikhathi ezimotweni ezisondelayo, okuvumela izimoto ukuthi zilalele isivinini nezinqumo zendlela ngokuzenzekelayo. Lokhu kuxhumana kabili kuzovumela izinga elisha lokuxhumanisa lapho izibani zethrafikhi nezimoto zivumelana khona ukugeleza okuhle kakhulu endaweni ethile ngesikhathi sangempela, kunciphisa izimiso ezingenasidingo nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezithrafikhi. Ubuchwepheshe bezimoto ezixhunyiwe busehlolwa kakade ezinhlelweni zokuhlola kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika, iYurophu, ne-Asia, nemiphumela ethembisayo ngokuya ngokuphuculwa kwezokuphepha nokuncishiswa kokuminyana. Uma kuhlangene nezinhlelo zokushayela ezizenzakalelayo, izibani zethrafikhi ezikwazi ukusebenzisa i-V2I zingaqeda cishe izingozi ezindaweni ezithile, njengoba izimoto nezibani zixhumana ngaphandle kwezinkinga ukuze kuvinjelwe izingxabano. Umqondo we-"green wave" uzothathwa ube yisiphetho sawo esinengqiqo, lapho izinhlelo zedolobha lonke zisebenza njengohlelo olulodwa, oluhle kakhulu kunokuba iqoqo lezindawo ezizimele. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuzokwenza izinhlelo ezindala ezibekwe isikhathi zingasebenzi, kwenze indawo yohlelo lokulawula izithrafikhi oluguquguqukayo, olubikezelayo, futhi olubambisanayo.

Ukuqina komnotho kungenye yezinto ezibalulekile ezishukumisa ubuchule kwezobuchwepheshe bezibani zomgwaqo, lapho abakhiqizi begxile ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nomthelela emvelweni. Izibani zomgwaqo zesimanje ze-LED sezivele zisebenzisa amandla ancishiswe kuze kufike ku-90% kunezimbangi zazo ezisebenzisa ugesi ovutha kancane, kodwa kusekhona ukuthuthukiswa okuzayo. Izibani zomgwaqo ezisebenzisa ilanga ezinezimpondo zamabhethri ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ziba ngcono kakhulu ezindaweni ezikude noma ezingenawo ugesi, kunciphisa isidingo sokufakwa kwezinsiza zikagesi ezibizayo. Amakhono okukhanya okuhlakaniphile avumela izibani zomgwaqo ukuthi zinciphise ukukhanya kwazo ebusuku lapho kuncane izimoto, kugcinwe amandla kuyilapho kugcinwa ukubonakala nokuphepha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswe kabusha nezizobuyekezwa ezindlini zezibani zomgwaqo nakho kuyanda njengengxenye yezinhlelo ezibanzi zomnotho oyindilinga emkhakheni wezokuthutha. Izinkampani ezifana neShandong Penghui Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd.‌‌ zifaka isandla kuleli threndi lokuqina komnotho ngokuthuthukisa amamojuli esignali we-LED asebenzisa kahle amandla anweba impilo yokusebenza futhi anciphisa izidingo zokugcinwa. Imigqa yemikhiqizo yazo ibonisa ukuzibophezela komkhakha ekuhlanganiseni ukusebenza nomthwalo wemfanelo emvelweni, ibhalansi ezobeka isizukulwane esilandelayo sezinsiza zokulawula izimoto. Ikusasa lobuchwepheshe bezibani zomgwaqo alikho nje ezinhlelweni ezihlakaniphile, kodwa ezinhlelweni ezihlanzekile, eziluhlaza, futhi ezisebenzisa izinsiza kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Ngokuphetha, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokukhanya kwethrafikhi kusuka ezandleni ezilawulwa ngesandla nama-semaphore akhanyiswa ugesi kuya ezinhlelweni ezihlakaniphile eziholwa yi-AI kumela okunye kohambo olunamandla kakhulu emlandweni wezindawo ezihlalwa abantu zesimanje. Isigaba ngasinye salokhu kuthuthukiswa — kusukela kwethulwa izimpawu zikagesi, ngokusebenzisa izikhathi ezizenzakalelayo nokuhlanganiswa kwezinzwa, kuze kube namuhla iziphambano ezihlakaniphile ezixhunywe ku-IoT — kulethise ukuthuthukiswa okulinganisekayo ekuphepheni komgwaqo, ukusebenza kahle kwethrafikhi, nokusimama kwemvelo. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokukhanya kwethrafikhi azishintshile ngemuva kweminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu: izimpawu ezicacile, ezingachazeki ezihlela ukuhamba kwezimoto nabahamba ngezinyawo emaphambanweni amatshe. Nokho, izindlela lapho lezi zimiso zisebenza ngazo ziye zaba nzima kakhulu, zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu ukudala izinhlelo zokuhamba eziphephile, ezihlakaniphile, futhi ezisabela kakhulu ezidingweni zabasebenzisi bazo. Ezinkampanini ezibandakanyeka engqalasizinda yethrafikhi, ukuqonda lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokukhethwa kwemishini, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo, nokuhlela isikhathi eside. Njengoba sibheka esikhathini esizayo, ukukhanya kwethrafikhi kuzoqhubeka nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinselelo ngenkathi kuhlala kuyithuluzi elibalulekile ekugcineni imigwaqo yethu iphephile futhi ihlelekile. Ukuhlola okwakamuva kubuchwepheshe bezimpawu zethrafikhi nezixazululo zokuhamba ezihlakaniphile, vakashela kuIkhaya ikhasi ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngezinhlelo zesimanje zezibani zethrafikhi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamadolobha ahlakaniphile.